DCCC741/2021 HKSAR v. CHAN CHUN YIN AND ANOTHER - LawHero
DCCC741/2021
HKSAR v. CHAN CHUN YIN AND ANOTHER
區域法院（刑事）Deputy District Judge M Chow4/5/2022[2022] HKDC 428
DCCC741/2021
A A
B B
DCCC 741/2021
C [2022] HKDC 428 C
D D
IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE
E HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION E
CRIMINAL CASE NO 741 OF 2021
F F
G ----------------------------------- G
HKSAR
H H
v
I CHAN CHUN YIN (D1) I
HO WAI KIN (D2)
J J
-----------------------------------
K K
Before: Deputy District Judge M Chow in Court
L L
Date: 5 May 2022
M Present: Mr Leung Chun Keung, Counsel on fiat, for HKSAR M
Ms Ku Pui Fong, Susanna, instructed by Wong & Co,
N N
assigned by the Director of Legal Aid, for the 1st defendant
O Ms Tsang Manyi, instructed by Mandy Wan & Co, assigned O
by the Director of Legal Aid, for the 2nd defendant
P P
Offence: [1] Arranging the passage to Hong Kong of unauthorized
Q entrants （安排未獲授權進境者前來香港的旅程） - D2 Q
R
[2] Doing acts preparatory to or for the purpose of assisting R
the passage of unauthorized entrants within Hong Kong（作
S S
出作為以準備協助或旨在協助未獲授權進境者在香港境
T 內的旅程） - D1 & D2 T
U U
V V
-2-
A A
B B
C ------------------------------------------ C
REASONS FOR SENTENCE
D D
------------------------------------------
E E
1. Charge 1: arranging the passage to Hong Kong of
F F
unauthorized entrants, contrary to S37D(1)(a) of the Immigration
G Ordinance, Cap 115 that D2, between 16 February and 20 February 2021, G
in Hong Kong, arranged the passage to Hong Kong of 8 unauthorized
H H
entrants, namely AP3 to AP10.
I I
2. Charge 2: doing acts preparatory to or for the purpose of
J J
assisting the passage of unauthorized entrants within Hong Kong, contrary
K to S 37D(1)(c) of the Immigration Ordinance, Cap 115, that D1 and D2 on K
20 February 2021 near Kadoorie Pier, Tsing Bik Street, Tuen Mun, New
L L
Territories, in Hong Kong, did acts preparatory to or for the purpose of
M assisting the passage of unauthorized entrants within Hong Kong, namely M
that D1 and D2 parked their cars near the Pier and picked up 8 unauthorized
N N
entrants (AP3 to AP10).
O O
3. D2 pleaded guilty to Charge 1.
P P
Q 4. D1 pleaded guilty to Charge 2. Q
R R
5. Charge 2 against D2 to be left on court’s file and now order
S not to be proceeded with without the leave of the court. S
T T
U U
V V
-3-
A A
B B
Summary of facts
C C
6. At around 6:53 pm, the police saw a speedboat approach
D D
Castle Peak Pier, Tuen Mun from River Trade Terminal, Tuen Mun.
E E
7. Around 8 to 10 persons alight from the speedboat and fled
F F
toward Tsing Bik Street, Tuen Mun.
G G
8. The police arrived.
H H
I 9. There were two cars at Tsing Bik Street, the engines and I
internal lights were also turned on.
J J
K 10. As to Car 1, D1 was sitting in the driver seat. Two Mainland K
Chinese were getting on Car 1 while the other 2 were already at the
L L
passenger seats.
M M
11. D2 was standing next to the driver seat of Car 2 with three
N N
Mainland Chinese were already at the passenger seats.
O O
12. One Mainland Chinese hid himself underneath a nearby car.
P P
Q 13. All the 8 Mainland Chinese only possessed Mainland identity Q
documents without Hong Kong identity cards. The immigration
R R
department do not have their entry records.
S S
14. Upon enquiry, D1 said that he was the driver, he arrived at the
T T
location to pick up some passengers and he would receive $1,500.
U U
V V
-4-
A A
B B
C 15. Under caution, D1 said that he arrived at the arrested location C
pursuant to a call.
D D
E 16. D2 told the police that he was the driver and he would receive E
some money for driving the Mainlander to Wanchai.
F F
G 17. D2 also had 4 mobile phones with 5 sim cards and 5 brand G
new sim cards. He had $57,583 in his possessions.
H H
I 18. The police examined the phones and obtained the call I
records:-
J J
K (a) There were 88 phone calls between D1 and D2 from K
14th to 20th February 2021
L L
M (b) Two of D2’s sim cards had 81 contacts with Mainland M
phone numbers between 16th to 20th February 2021;
N N
O (c) On 16th February 2021, there were SMS messages O
being exchanged from one of D2’s sim card numbers
P P
and AP5. The contents of the messages were mainly
Q relating to a location in Mainland China and the time of Q
arrival.
R R
S (d) Two of D2’s sim card numbers also had phone call S
records with AP5’s number.
T T
U U
V V
-5-
A A
B B
Criminal record
C C
19. D1 has a clear criminal record.
D D
E 20. D2 has 2 previous in 1999 and 2003 for offences of AOABH E
respectively.
F F
G Mitigation G
H H
21. D1 is now 23 years old. His father deserted the family before
I the defendant was born. D1 was raised by his grandparents, however, he I
lost his grandfather during this period of remand and that hurts him deeply
J J
as he could not attend his funeral to pay the last respect to him.
K K
22. D1 dropped out from school when he completed his F3 studies.
L L
He took up various types of jobs to ease the financial burden of his mother.
M The car in question was for his own transportation as he worked in a M
construction site in a remote area. Prior to his arrest, he earned about
N N
$17,000 to $18,000 per month. He passed most of his earnings to his
O mother for the upkeep of the family. O
P P
23. As to the commission of the present offence, it was due to a
Q momentary greed to earn quick money. He was there in response to a call Q
to pick up some passengers with a reward of $1,500. He has not yet
R R
received the $1,500 as promised.
S S
24. He was aware to pick up unauthorized entrants at the time of
T T
arrest.
U U
V V
-6-
A A
B B
C 25. The defence submitted that D1’s role was a driver to take C
those passengers away from the pier to a place in Wanchai. D1 acted as a
D D
driver, the defence invited this court to take 3 years as a starting point as
E stated in HKSAR v Chan Lai Choi CACC 166/1997. E
F F
26. It is accepted that D2 is his friends.
G G
27. D2 is now 46 years old. For about 10 years, D2 worked as a
H H
restaurant manager and earned about $22,000 per month. However, in
I August 2020, D2 lost his job due to the outbreak of the pandemic. The I
family thereafter encounters financial difficulties.
J J
K 28. Two months prior to the arrest, D2 bought the vehicle in K
question for delivery of goods and also worked as a driver. However,
L L
income still remained unstable.
M M
29. It was in this circumstances, D2 agreed to accept the role as a
N N
messenger in passing messages from those directing him to the punter out
O of Hong Kong and agreed to transport the unauthorized entrants upon O
arrival in Hong Kong.
P P
Q 30. The contents of the messages were only in relation to the Q
location, time, and place to meet.
R R
S 31. The defence submitted that there was no evidence from the S
Prosecution case that D2 was involved in arranging the sea passage from
T T
Mainland China to Hong Kong.
U U
V V
-7-
A A
B B
C 32. The defence submitted that D2 played a lesser role and invited C
the court to consider a starting point of 3 years as stated in the case of
D D
HKSAR v Chan Lai Choi CACC 166/1997.
E E
33. Finally, I wish to inform parties that I have read all the
F F
mitigating letters from D1 and D2 and their family members. I know that
G D1’s mother has worked hard all her life to raise her children single G
handedly and she has a close relationship with D1. Today, she still stands
H H
by him.
I I
34. As to D2, his wife asked for leniency so that D2 can be
J J
released early and be returned to the society to reestablish himself and to
K contribute back to the society. K
L L
Sentence
M M
35. The maximum sentence for S 37D is a fine of $5,000,000 and
N N
to imprisonment for 14 years.
O O
Charge 1 (against D2 only)
P P
Q 36. D2 is now facing only one charge of arranging the passage to Q
Hong Kong and the particular of the offence was “in Hong Kong, arranged
R R
the passage to Hong Kong” of the 8 illegal immigrants.
S S
T T
U U
V V
-8-
A A
B B
37. When D2 was arrested, he had 4 mobile phones containing 5
C sim cards. He also had 5 brand new sim cards in his possession. One C
would wonder why D2 required to possess so many sim cards?
D D
E 38. Out of the 5 sim cards, 3 of them were used actively for E
commination. Such as 88 phone calls between D1 and himself from
F F
14 February to the day of arrest. There were also phone calls between D2
G and AP5 on 16 to 18 February 2021. G
H H
39. AP5 was one of the 8 unauthorized entrants in the present case,
I the police found the messages between AP5 and D2 only, at least it showed I
that AP5 was the contact in Mainland China and D2 was the contact in
J J
Hong Kong a few days before these 8 unauthorized entrants embarked their
K journey to Hong Kong. K
L L
40. The 5 new sim cards clearly are pre-paid sim cards that it was
M difficult for the police to trace the users/callers of those sim cards. M
N N
41. It goes to show that the scheme of human trafficking was well-
O planned and premediated. O
P P
42. D1 and D2 were both ready to receive the unauthorized
Q entrants as they parked their cars near to the pier. Q
R R
43. D2 said that under caution he would drive them to Wanchai
S for a reward. In his person, he had $57,583. Why did he had so much cash S
with him just for a job to drive the unauthorized entrants to Wanchai
T T
bearing in mind he did not have any steady income since August 2020.
U U
V V
-9-
A A
B B
C 44. The defence said that the $57,583 was partly his savings and C
earnings. I have great doubt about the defendant’s assertion.
D D
E 45. Nonetheless, D2 played a role that’s more serious and E
important than a driver from Castle Peak Pier to Wanchai. He responsible
F F
for liaising with AP5 who was also one of the unauthorized entrances. The
G purpose was to arrange passage of the 8 unauthorized entrants to Hong G
Kong. His culpability is more serious than the Appellant in Chan Lai Choi.
H H
I 46. In HKSAR v Yeung Kam Yuen CACC 50/2010 that the I
Appellant acted as a middle man to summonse two other taxi drivers to
J J
transport altogether 15 unauthorized entrances to Kowloon. The starting
K point of 4 years for a charge of assisting the passage to Hong Kong of a K
conveyance which carried unauthorized entrants was upheld.
L L
M 47. The Appellant faced 3 charges, all sentences were ordered to M
run concurrently.
N N
O 48. With this information in mind, the appropriate starting point O
against D2 should be 4 years, be reduced to 32 months imprisonment after
P P
1/3 discount.
Q Q
49. I now come to D1’ sentence. D1’s role was a driver to take
R R
the unauthorized entrants to Wanchai for $1,500.
S S
50. When I asked for the photos of this case, I found out that there
T T
was a receipt of the sales and purchase of the vehicle in question, the
U U
V V
- 10 -
A A
B B
purchase was completed 2 days prior to the present offence. D1 paid
C $14,000 to buy the vehicle. The vehicle was registered in his name. C
D D
51. From the photos, I can see that both D1 and D2’s vehicles
E were in the same model from Honda. E
F F
52. D1’s monthly earnings were about $17,000 to $18,000. He
G gave most of his earnings to his mother, as confirmed from the mitigating G
letter from his mother, the questions to ask is how much can he save per
H H
month? To buy a vehicle was not for a one off usage, it is for a period of
I time to use it. How much does he prepare for the upkeep of the vehicle? I
Such as petrol, parking and maintenance fees.
J J
K 53. It was too much a co-incidence that D1 invested $14,000 to K
buy a vehicle 2 days prior to the arrest.
L L
M 54. I simply reject the D1’s claim that he bought the vehicle to M
facilitate himself to go to work in remote area. I ruled that the vehicle was
N N
bought to participate in the scheme. Again, it goes to show that the scheme
O is well planned and premediated. O
P P
55. To this end, I adopt a starting point of 3 years, reduce to
Q 2 years because of his guilty plea. Q
R R
56. I also exercise my discretion to reduce one month on a
S compassionate ground that he lost his grandfather during this period of S
remand. His final sentence reaches 1 year 11 months
T T
U U
V V
- 11 -
A A
B B
57. Order:-
C C
D1: Sentenced to imprisonment of 1 year and 11 months
D D
for Charge 2
E E
D2: Sentenced to imprisonment of 2 years and 8 months for
F F
Charge 1
G G
H H
I I
J J
( M Chow )
Deputy District Judge
K K
L L
M M
N N
O O
P P
Q Q
R R
S S
T T
U U
V V
A A
B B
DCCC 741/2021
C [2022] HKDC 428 C
D D
IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE
E HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION E
CRIMINAL CASE NO 741 OF 2021
F F
G ----------------------------------- G
HKSAR
H H
v
I CHAN CHUN YIN (D1) I
HO WAI KIN (D2)
J J
-----------------------------------
K K
Before: Deputy District Judge M Chow in Court
L L
Date: 5 May 2022
M Present: Mr Leung Chun Keung, Counsel on fiat, for HKSAR M
Ms Ku Pui Fong, Susanna, instructed by Wong & Co,
N N
assigned by the Director of Legal Aid, for the 1st defendant
O Ms Tsang Manyi, instructed by Mandy Wan & Co, assigned O
by the Director of Legal Aid, for the 2nd defendant
P P
Offence: [1] Arranging the passage to Hong Kong of unauthorized
Q entrants （安排未獲授權進境者前來香港的旅程） - D2 Q
R
[2] Doing acts preparatory to or for the purpose of assisting R
the passage of unauthorized entrants within Hong Kong（作
S S
出作為以準備協助或旨在協助未獲授權進境者在香港境
T 內的旅程） - D1 & D2 T
U U
V V
-2-
A A
B B
C ------------------------------------------ C
REASONS FOR SENTENCE
D D
------------------------------------------
E E
1. Charge 1: arranging the passage to Hong Kong of
F F
unauthorized entrants, contrary to S37D(1)(a) of the Immigration
G Ordinance, Cap 115 that D2, between 16 February and 20 February 2021, G
in Hong Kong, arranged the passage to Hong Kong of 8 unauthorized
H H
entrants, namely AP3 to AP10.
I I
2. Charge 2: doing acts preparatory to or for the purpose of
J J
assisting the passage of unauthorized entrants within Hong Kong, contrary
K to S 37D(1)(c) of the Immigration Ordinance, Cap 115, that D1 and D2 on K
20 February 2021 near Kadoorie Pier, Tsing Bik Street, Tuen Mun, New
L L
Territories, in Hong Kong, did acts preparatory to or for the purpose of
M assisting the passage of unauthorized entrants within Hong Kong, namely M
that D1 and D2 parked their cars near the Pier and picked up 8 unauthorized
N N
entrants (AP3 to AP10).
O O
3. D2 pleaded guilty to Charge 1.
P P
Q 4. D1 pleaded guilty to Charge 2. Q
R R
5. Charge 2 against D2 to be left on court’s file and now order
S not to be proceeded with without the leave of the court. S
T T
U U
V V
-3-
A A
B B
Summary of facts
C C
6. At around 6:53 pm, the police saw a speedboat approach
D D
Castle Peak Pier, Tuen Mun from River Trade Terminal, Tuen Mun.
E E
7. Around 8 to 10 persons alight from the speedboat and fled
F F
toward Tsing Bik Street, Tuen Mun.
G G
8. The police arrived.
H H
I 9. There were two cars at Tsing Bik Street, the engines and I
internal lights were also turned on.
J J
K 10. As to Car 1, D1 was sitting in the driver seat. Two Mainland K
Chinese were getting on Car 1 while the other 2 were already at the
L L
passenger seats.
M M
11. D2 was standing next to the driver seat of Car 2 with three
N N
Mainland Chinese were already at the passenger seats.
O O
12. One Mainland Chinese hid himself underneath a nearby car.
P P
Q 13. All the 8 Mainland Chinese only possessed Mainland identity Q
documents without Hong Kong identity cards. The immigration
R R
department do not have their entry records.
S S
14. Upon enquiry, D1 said that he was the driver, he arrived at the
T T
location to pick up some passengers and he would receive $1,500.
U U
V V
-4-
A A
B B
C 15. Under caution, D1 said that he arrived at the arrested location C
pursuant to a call.
D D
E 16. D2 told the police that he was the driver and he would receive E
some money for driving the Mainlander to Wanchai.
F F
G 17. D2 also had 4 mobile phones with 5 sim cards and 5 brand G
new sim cards. He had $57,583 in his possessions.
H H
I 18. The police examined the phones and obtained the call I
records:-
J J
K (a) There were 88 phone calls between D1 and D2 from K
14th to 20th February 2021
L L
M (b) Two of D2’s sim cards had 81 contacts with Mainland M
phone numbers between 16th to 20th February 2021;
N N
O (c) On 16th February 2021, there were SMS messages O
being exchanged from one of D2’s sim card numbers
P P
and AP5. The contents of the messages were mainly
Q relating to a location in Mainland China and the time of Q
arrival.
R R
S (d) Two of D2’s sim card numbers also had phone call S
records with AP5’s number.
T T
U U
V V
-5-
A A
B B
Criminal record
C C
19. D1 has a clear criminal record.
D D
E 20. D2 has 2 previous in 1999 and 2003 for offences of AOABH E
respectively.
F F
G Mitigation G
H H
21. D1 is now 23 years old. His father deserted the family before
I the defendant was born. D1 was raised by his grandparents, however, he I
lost his grandfather during this period of remand and that hurts him deeply
J J
as he could not attend his funeral to pay the last respect to him.
K K
22. D1 dropped out from school when he completed his F3 studies.
L L
He took up various types of jobs to ease the financial burden of his mother.
M The car in question was for his own transportation as he worked in a M
construction site in a remote area. Prior to his arrest, he earned about
N N
$17,000 to $18,000 per month. He passed most of his earnings to his
O mother for the upkeep of the family. O
P P
23. As to the commission of the present offence, it was due to a
Q momentary greed to earn quick money. He was there in response to a call Q
to pick up some passengers with a reward of $1,500. He has not yet
R R
received the $1,500 as promised.
S S
24. He was aware to pick up unauthorized entrants at the time of
T T
arrest.
U U
V V
-6-
A A
B B
C 25. The defence submitted that D1’s role was a driver to take C
those passengers away from the pier to a place in Wanchai. D1 acted as a
D D
driver, the defence invited this court to take 3 years as a starting point as
E stated in HKSAR v Chan Lai Choi CACC 166/1997. E
F F
26. It is accepted that D2 is his friends.
G G
27. D2 is now 46 years old. For about 10 years, D2 worked as a
H H
restaurant manager and earned about $22,000 per month. However, in
I August 2020, D2 lost his job due to the outbreak of the pandemic. The I
family thereafter encounters financial difficulties.
J J
K 28. Two months prior to the arrest, D2 bought the vehicle in K
question for delivery of goods and also worked as a driver. However,
L L
income still remained unstable.
M M
29. It was in this circumstances, D2 agreed to accept the role as a
N N
messenger in passing messages from those directing him to the punter out
O of Hong Kong and agreed to transport the unauthorized entrants upon O
arrival in Hong Kong.
P P
Q 30. The contents of the messages were only in relation to the Q
location, time, and place to meet.
R R
S 31. The defence submitted that there was no evidence from the S
Prosecution case that D2 was involved in arranging the sea passage from
T T
Mainland China to Hong Kong.
U U
V V
-7-
A A
B B
C 32. The defence submitted that D2 played a lesser role and invited C
the court to consider a starting point of 3 years as stated in the case of
D D
HKSAR v Chan Lai Choi CACC 166/1997.
E E
33. Finally, I wish to inform parties that I have read all the
F F
mitigating letters from D1 and D2 and their family members. I know that
G D1’s mother has worked hard all her life to raise her children single G
handedly and she has a close relationship with D1. Today, she still stands
H H
by him.
I I
34. As to D2, his wife asked for leniency so that D2 can be
J J
released early and be returned to the society to reestablish himself and to
K contribute back to the society. K
L L
Sentence
M M
35. The maximum sentence for S 37D is a fine of $5,000,000 and
N N
to imprisonment for 14 years.
O O
Charge 1 (against D2 only)
P P
Q 36. D2 is now facing only one charge of arranging the passage to Q
Hong Kong and the particular of the offence was “in Hong Kong, arranged
R R
the passage to Hong Kong” of the 8 illegal immigrants.
S S
T T
U U
V V
-8-
A A
B B
37. When D2 was arrested, he had 4 mobile phones containing 5
C sim cards. He also had 5 brand new sim cards in his possession. One C
would wonder why D2 required to possess so many sim cards?
D D
E 38. Out of the 5 sim cards, 3 of them were used actively for E
commination. Such as 88 phone calls between D1 and himself from
F F
14 February to the day of arrest. There were also phone calls between D2
G and AP5 on 16 to 18 February 2021. G
H H
39. AP5 was one of the 8 unauthorized entrants in the present case,
I the police found the messages between AP5 and D2 only, at least it showed I
that AP5 was the contact in Mainland China and D2 was the contact in
J J
Hong Kong a few days before these 8 unauthorized entrants embarked their
K journey to Hong Kong. K
L L
40. The 5 new sim cards clearly are pre-paid sim cards that it was
M difficult for the police to trace the users/callers of those sim cards. M
N N
41. It goes to show that the scheme of human trafficking was well-
O planned and premediated. O
P P
42. D1 and D2 were both ready to receive the unauthorized
Q entrants as they parked their cars near to the pier. Q
R R
43. D2 said that under caution he would drive them to Wanchai
S for a reward. In his person, he had $57,583. Why did he had so much cash S
with him just for a job to drive the unauthorized entrants to Wanchai
T T
bearing in mind he did not have any steady income since August 2020.
U U
V V
-9-
A A
B B
C 44. The defence said that the $57,583 was partly his savings and C
earnings. I have great doubt about the defendant’s assertion.
D D
E 45. Nonetheless, D2 played a role that’s more serious and E
important than a driver from Castle Peak Pier to Wanchai. He responsible
F F
for liaising with AP5 who was also one of the unauthorized entrances. The
G purpose was to arrange passage of the 8 unauthorized entrants to Hong G
Kong. His culpability is more serious than the Appellant in Chan Lai Choi.
H H
I 46. In HKSAR v Yeung Kam Yuen CACC 50/2010 that the I
Appellant acted as a middle man to summonse two other taxi drivers to
J J
transport altogether 15 unauthorized entrances to Kowloon. The starting
K point of 4 years for a charge of assisting the passage to Hong Kong of a K
conveyance which carried unauthorized entrants was upheld.
L L
M 47. The Appellant faced 3 charges, all sentences were ordered to M
run concurrently.
N N
O 48. With this information in mind, the appropriate starting point O
against D2 should be 4 years, be reduced to 32 months imprisonment after
P P
1/3 discount.
Q Q
49. I now come to D1’ sentence. D1’s role was a driver to take
R R
the unauthorized entrants to Wanchai for $1,500.
S S
50. When I asked for the photos of this case, I found out that there
T T
was a receipt of the sales and purchase of the vehicle in question, the
U U
V V
- 10 -
A A
B B
purchase was completed 2 days prior to the present offence. D1 paid
C $14,000 to buy the vehicle. The vehicle was registered in his name. C
D D
51. From the photos, I can see that both D1 and D2’s vehicles
E were in the same model from Honda. E
F F
52. D1’s monthly earnings were about $17,000 to $18,000. He
G gave most of his earnings to his mother, as confirmed from the mitigating G
letter from his mother, the questions to ask is how much can he save per
H H
month? To buy a vehicle was not for a one off usage, it is for a period of
I time to use it. How much does he prepare for the upkeep of the vehicle? I
Such as petrol, parking and maintenance fees.
J J
K 53. It was too much a co-incidence that D1 invested $14,000 to K
buy a vehicle 2 days prior to the arrest.
L L
M 54. I simply reject the D1’s claim that he bought the vehicle to M
facilitate himself to go to work in remote area. I ruled that the vehicle was
N N
bought to participate in the scheme. Again, it goes to show that the scheme
O is well planned and premediated. O
P P
55. To this end, I adopt a starting point of 3 years, reduce to
Q 2 years because of his guilty plea. Q
R R
56. I also exercise my discretion to reduce one month on a
S compassionate ground that he lost his grandfather during this period of S
remand. His final sentence reaches 1 year 11 months
T T
U U
V V
- 11 -
A A
B B
57. Order:-
C C
D1: Sentenced to imprisonment of 1 year and 11 months
D D
for Charge 2
E E
D2: Sentenced to imprisonment of 2 years and 8 months for
F F
Charge 1
G G
H H
I I
J J
( M Chow )
Deputy District Judge
K K
L L
M M
N N
O O
P P
Q Q
R R
S S
T T
U U
V V