Cap. 4A 《高等法院規則》The Rules of the High Court

Subject to the following provisions of this rule, these rules shall have effect in relation to all proceedings in the High Court.

These rules shall not have effect in relation to proceedings of the kinds specified in the first column of the following Table (being proceedings in respect of which rules may be made under the enactments specified in the second column of that Table)—

These rules shall not have effect in relation to any criminal proceedings other than any criminal proceedings to which Order 53, Order 59, Order 62, Order 70, Order 115, Order 115A, Order 116, Order 117, Order 117A, Order 118 or Order 119 applies. (L.N. 282 of 1989; L.N. 403 of 1992; L.N. 156 of 1995; L.N. 242 of 1996; L.N. 222 of 1997; L.N. 152 of 2008; L.N. 186 of 2009)

In the case of the proceedings mentioned in paragraphs (2) and (3), nothing in those paragraphs shall be taken as affecting any provision of any rules (whether made under the Ordinance or any other Ordinance) by virtue of which the Rules of the High Court (Cap. 4 sub. leg. A) or any provisions thereof are applied in relation to any of those proceedings.

These rules do not have effect in relation to an election petition lodged under an enactment specified in the first column of the following Table, except to the extent that the practice and procedure of the High Court are applied to that election petition by virtue of an enactment specified in the second column of the Table—

Table

In these rules, unless the context otherwise requires, the following expressions have the meanings hereby respectively assigned to them, namely—

In these rules unless the context otherwise requires, any reference to acknowledging service of a document or giving notice of intention to defend any proceedings is a reference to lodging in the Registry an acknowledgment of service of that document or, as the case may be, a notice of intention to defend those proceedings.

Unless the context otherwise requires, any reference in these rules to a specified Order, rule or Appendix is a reference to that Order or rule of, or that Appendix to, these rules and any reference to a specified rule, paragraph or sub-paragraph is a reference to that rule of the Order, that paragraph of the rule, or that sub-paragraph of the paragraph, in which the reference occurs.

Any reference in these rules to anything done under a rule of these rules includes a reference to the same thing done before the commencement of that rule under any corresponding rule of court ceasing to have effect on the commencement of that rule.

Except where the context otherwise requires, any reference in these rules to any written law shall be construed as a reference to that written law as amended, extended or applied by or under any other written law.

The forms in the Appendices shall be used where applicable with such variations as the circumstances of the particular case require.

The Court shall seek to give effect to the underlying objectives of these rules when it—

In giving effect to the underlying objectives of these rules, the Court shall always recognize that the primary aim in exercising the powers of the Court is to secure the just resolution of disputes in accordance with the substantive rights of the parties.

The Court shall further the underlying objectives of these rules by actively managing cases.

Active case management includes—

The list of powers in this rule is in addition to and not in substitution for any powers given to the Court by any other rule or practice direction or by any other enactment or any powers it may otherwise have.

Except where these rules provide otherwise, the Court may by order—

When the Court makes an order, it may—

Where a party pays money into court following an order under paragraph (3), the money is security for any sum payable by that party to any other party in the proceedings.

Except where a rule or some other enactment provides otherwise, the Court may exercise its powers on an application or of its own motion.

Where the Court proposes to make an order of its own motion—

Where the Court proposes—

it shall give each party likely to be affected by the order at least 3 days’ notice of the hearing.

The Court may make an order of its own motion, without hearing the parties or giving them an opportunity to make representations.

Where the Court has made an order under paragraph (4)—

An application under paragraph (5)(a) must be made—

Where the Court considers that it is necessary or desirable to give a direction on the procedure of the Court and that the direction is unlikely to be objected to by the parties, it may of its own motion and without hearing the parties, give the direction by way of an order nisi.

The order nisi becomes absolute 14 days after the order is made unless a party has applied to the Court for varying the order.

Where, in beginning or purporting to begin any proceedings or at any stage in the course of or in connection with any proceedings, there has, by reason of any thing done or left undone, been a failure to comply with the requirements of these rules, whether in respect of time, place, manner, form or content or in any other respect, the failure shall be treated as an irregularity and shall not nullify the proceedings, any step taken in the proceedings, or any document, judgment or order therein.

Subject to paragraph (3), the Court may, on the ground that there has been such failure as is mentioned in paragraph (1), and on such terms as to costs or otherwise as it thinks just, set aside either wholly or in part the proceedings in which the failure occurred, any step taken in those proceedings or any document, judgment or order therein or exercise its powers under these rules to allow such amendments (if any) to be made and to make such order (if any) dealing with the proceedings generally as it thinks fit.

The Court shall not wholly set aside any proceedings or the writ or other originating process by which they were begun on the ground that the proceedings ought to have begun by an originating process other than the one employed, but shall instead give directions for the continuation of the proceedings in an appropriate manner. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

An application to set aside for irregularity any proceedings, any step taken in any proceedings or any document, judgment or order therein shall not be allowed unless it is made within a reasonable time and before the party applying has taken any fresh step after becoming aware of the irregularity.

An application under this rule may be made by summons and the grounds of objection must be stated in the summons. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

The Court may order a party to pay a sum of money into court if that party has, without good reason, failed to comply with a rule or court order.

When exercising its power under paragraph (1), the Court shall have regard to—

Where a party pays money into court following an order under paragraph (1), the money is security for any sum payable by that party to any other party in the proceedings.

On an application for relief from any sanction imposed for a failure to comply with any rule or court order, the Court shall consider all the circumstances including—

An application for relief must be supported by evidence.

Any period of time fixed by these rules or by any judgment, order or direction for doing any act shall be reckoned in accordance with the following provisions of this rule.

Where the act is required to be done within a specified period after or from a specified date, the period begins immediately after that date.

Where the act is required to be done within or not less than a specified period before a specified date, the period ends immediately before that date.

Where the act is required to be done a specified number of clear days before or after a specified date, at least that number of days must intervene between the day on which the act is done and that date.

Where, apart from this paragraph, the period in question, being a period of 7 days or less, would include a specified day, that day shall be excluded. (35 of 1998 s. 5; 18 of 2016 s. 5)

In this rule—

Where the time prescribed by these rules, or by any judgment, order or direction, for doing any act at an office of the Court expires on a specified day, and by reason thereof that act cannot be done on that day, the act shall be in time if done on the next day on which that office is open. (18 of 2016 s. 6)

In this rule—

The Court may, on such terms as it thinks just, by order extend or abridge the period within which a person is required or authorized by these rules, or by any judgment, order or direction, to do any act in any proceedings.

The Court may extend any such period as is referred to in paragraph (1) although the application for extension is not made until after the expiration of that period.

The period within which a person is required by these rules, or by any order or direction, to serve, file or amend any pleading or other document may be extended by consent (given in writing) without an order of the Court being made for that purpose.

In this rule references to the Court shall be construed as including references to the Court of Appeal and a single judge of that Court.

Where two or more causes or matters are pending, then, if it appears to the Court—

the Court may order those causes or matters to be consolidated on such terms as it thinks just or may order them to be tried at the same time, or one immediately after another, or may order any of them to be stayed until after the determination of any other of them.

Where the Court makes an order under paragraph (1) that two or more causes or matters are to be tried at the same time but no order is made for those causes or matters to be consolidated, then, a party to one of those causes or matters may be treated as if it were a party to any of those other causes or matters for the purpose of making an order for costs against him or in his favour.

Except in the case of proceedings which under any written law are required or authorized to be begun by a specific form of originating process, proceedings may be begun either by writ or by originating summons as the plaintiff considers appropriate. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

Proceedings—

are appropriate to be begun by originating summons unless the plaintiff intends in those proceedings to apply for judgment under Order 14 or Order 86 or for any other reason considers the proceedings more appropriate to be begun by writ.

Subject to paragraph (2) and to Order 80, rule 2, any person (whether or not he sues as a trustee or personal representative, or in any other representative capacity) may begin and carry on proceedings in the High Court by a solicitor or in person. (25 of 1998 s. 2)

A body corporate may not begin or carry on any such proceedings in the Court otherwise than by a solicitor except—

No appeal shall lie from an order of the Registrar under paragraph (3) giving or refusing leave.

Leave given by a Registrar under paragraph (3) may be revoked by the Court at any time.

No appeal shall lie from an order of the Court revoking leave given by a Registrar.

Before a writ is issued it must be indorsed—

Before a writ is issued it must be indorsed—

The address for service of a plaintiff shall be—

Where a solicitor’s name is indorsed on a writ, he must, if any defendant who has been served with or who has acknowledged service of the writ requests him in writing so to do, declare in writing whether the writ was issued by him or with his authority or privity.

If a solicitor whose name is indorsed on a writ declares in writing that the writ was not issued by him or with his authority or privity, the Court may on the application of any defendant who has been served with or who has acknowledged service of the writ, stay all proceedings in the action begun by the writ.

One or more concurrent writs may, at the request of the plaintiff, be issued at the time when the original writ is issued or at any time thereafter before the original writ ceases to be valid.

Without prejudice to the generality of paragraph (1), a writ for service within the jurisdiction may be issued as a concurrent writ with one which is to be served out of the jurisdiction and a writ which is to be served out of the jurisdiction may be issued as a concurrent writ with one for service within the jurisdiction.

A concurrent writ is a true copy of the original writ with such differences only (if any) as are necessary having regard to the purpose for which the writ is issued.

No writ which is to be served out of the jurisdiction shall be issued without the leave of the Court: Provided that if every claim made by a writ is one which by virtue of any written law the Court of First Instance has power to hear and determine notwithstanding that the person against whom the claim is made is not within the jurisdiction of the Court or that the wrongful act, neglect or default giving rise to the claim did not take place within its jurisdiction, the foregoing provision shall not apply to the writ. (25 of 1998 s. 2)

Issue of a writ takes place upon its being sealed by an officer of the Registry.

The officer by whom a concurrent writ is sealed must mark it as a concurrent writ with an official stamp.

No writ shall be sealed unless at the time of the tender thereof for sealing the person tendering it leaves at the office at which it is tendered a copy thereof signed, where the plaintiff sues in person, by him or, where he does not so sue, by or on behalf of his solicitor.

For the purpose of service, a writ (other than a concurrent writ) is valid in the first instance for twelve months beginning with the date of its issue and a concurrent writ is valid in the first instance for the period of validity of the original writ which is unexpired at the date of issue of the concurrent writ.

Where a writ has not been served on a defendant, the Court may by order extend the validity of the writ from time to time for such period, not exceeding twelve months at any one time, beginning with the day next following that on which it would otherwise expire, as may be specified in the order, if an application for extension is made to the Court before that day or such later day (if any) as the Court may allow.

Before a writ, the validity of which has been extended under this rule, is served, it must be marked with an official stamp showing the period for which the validity of the writ has been so extended.

Where the validity of a writ is extended by order made under this rule, the order shall operate in relation to any other writ (whether original or concurrent) issued in the same action which has not been served so as to extend the validity of that other writ until the expiration of the period specified in the order.

Every originating summons (other than an ex parte summons) shall be in Form No. 8 or, if so authorized or required, in Form No. 10 in Appendix A, and every ex parte originating summons shall be in Form No. 11 in Appendix A.

Form No. 8 in Appendix A is to be used in all cases except where another form is prescribed under a written law or there is no party on whom the summons is to be served. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

Form No. 10 in Appendix A is to be used if it is prescribed under a written law. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

Form No. 11 in Appendix A is to be used if there is no party on whom the summons is to be served. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

The party taking out an originating summons (other than an ex parte summons) shall be described as a plaintiff, and the other parties shall be described as defendants.

This rule is subject to Order 53, rule 5(1), Order 54, rule 2(3) and Order 121, rule 2(1). (L.N. 152 of 2008; L.N. 3 of 2016)

Every originating summons must include a statement of the questions on which the plaintiff seeks the determination or direction of the Court of First Instance or, as the case may be, a concise statement of the relief or remedy claimed in the proceedings begun by the originating summons with sufficient particulars to identify the cause or causes of action in respect of which the plaintiff claims that relief or remedy. (25 of 1998 s. 2)

Order 6, rules 3 and 5, shall apply in relation to an originating summons as they apply in relation to a writ.

An originating summons shall be issued out of the Registry.

Order 6, rule 7 (except paragraph (2)), shall apply in relation to an originating summons as it applies in relation to a writ.

Rules 2(1) and (1C), 3(1), and 5(1) shall, so far as applicable, apply to ex parte originating summonses; but, save as aforesaid, the foregoing rules of this Order shall not apply to ex parte originating summonses. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

Order 6, rule 7(3) and (5), shall, with the necessary modifications, apply in relation to an ex parte originating summons as they apply in relation to a writ.

Except where an application by motion may properly be made ex parte, no motion shall be made without previous notice to the parties affected thereby, but the Court, if satisfied that the delay caused by proceeding in the ordinary way would or might entail irreparable or serious mischief, may make an order ex parte on such terms as to costs or otherwise, and subject to such undertaking, if any, as it thinks just; and any party affected by such order may apply to the Court to set it aside.

Unless the Court gives leave to the contrary, there must be at least 2 clear days between the service of notice of a motion and the day named in the notice for hearing the motion.

The notice of an originating motion must be in Form No. 13 in Appendix A and the notice of any other motion in Form No. 38 in that Appendix.

Where leave has been given under rule 2(2) to serve short notice of motion, that fact must be stated in the notice.

The notice of a motion must include a concise statement of the nature of the claim made or the relief or remedy required.

Order 6, rule 5, shall, with the necessary modifications, apply in relation to notice of an originating motion as it applies in relation to a writ.

The notice of an originating motion by which proceedings are begun must be issued out of the Registry.

Issue of the notice of an originating motion takes place upon its being sealed by an officer of the Registry.

Every petition must include a concise statement of the nature of the claim made or the relief or remedy required in the proceedings begun thereby.

Every petition must include at the end thereof a statement of the names of the persons, if any, required to be served therewith or, if no person is required to be served, a statement to that effect.

Order 6, rule 5, shall, with the necessary modifications, apply in relation to a petition as it applies in relation to a writ.

A day and time for the hearing of a petition which is required to be heard shall be fixed by the Registrar.

Unless the Court otherwise directs, a petition which is required to be served on any person must be served on him not less than seven days before the day fixed for the hearing of the petition.

Subject to paragraph (2) and to Order 80, rule 2, a respondent to proceedings begun by petition may (whether or not he is sued as a trustee or personal representative or in any other representative capacity) defend the proceedings by a solicitor or in person.

Where the respondent to such proceedings is a body corporate, except as expressly provided by or under any enactment or where leave is given under paragraph (3) for such respondent to be represented by one of its directors, such respondent may not take any step in the proceedings otherwise than by a solicitor.

No appeal shall lie from an order of the Registrar under paragraph (3) giving or refusing leave.

The Court may at any time revoke the leave given by a Registrar under paragraph (3).

No appeal shall lie from an order of the Court revoking leave given by a Registrar.

A writ must be served personally on each defendant by the plaintiff or his agent.

A writ for service on a defendant within the jurisdiction may, instead of being served personally on him, be served—

Where a writ is served in accordance with paragraph (2)—

Where a defendant’s solicitor indorses on the writ a statement that he accepts service of the writ on behalf of that defendant, the writ shall be deemed to have been duly served on that defendant and to have been so served on the date on which the indorsement was made.

Subject to Order 12, rule 7, where a writ is not duly served on a defendant but he acknowledges service of it, the writ shall be deemed, unless the contrary is shown, to have been duly served on him and to have been so served on the date on which he acknowledges service.

Every copy of a writ for service on a defendant shall be sealed with the seal of the High Court and shall be accompanied by a form of acknowledgment of service in Form No. 14 in Appendix A in which the title of the action and its number have been entered. (25 of 1998 s. 2)

This rule shall have effect subject to the provisions of any Ordinance and these rules and in particular to any enactment which provides for the manner in which documents may be served on bodies corporate.

Where the Court is satisfied on an ex parte application that—

the Court may authorize service of a writ beginning an action relating to the contract to be effected on the agent instead of the principal.

An order under this rule authorizing service of a writ on a defendant’s agent must limit a time within which the defendant must acknowledge service.

Where an order is made under this rule authorizing service of a writ on a defendant’s agent, a copy of the order and of the writ must be sent by post to the defendant at his address out of the jurisdiction.

Where—

then, if an action in respect of the contract is begun in the Court and the writ by which it is begun is served in accordance with the contract, the writ shall, subject to paragraph (2), be deemed to have been duly served on the defendant.

A writ which is served out of the jurisdiction in accordance with a contract shall not be deemed to have been duly served on the defendant by virtue of paragraph (1) unless leave to serve the writ out of the jurisdiction has been granted under Order 11, rule 1(1) or service of the writ is permitted without leave under Order 11, rule 1(2).

Where a writ is indorsed with a claim for the recovery, or delivery of possession, of premises or land, the Court may—

Where a writ is indorsed with a claim for the recovery, or delivery of possession, of premises or land, in addition to, and not in substitution for any other mode of service, a copy of the writ shall be posted in a conspicuous place on or at the entrance to the premises or land recovery or possession of which is claimed. (L.N. 122 of 2017)

The foregoing rules of this Order shall apply, with any necessary modifications, in relation to an originating summons (other than ex parte originating summons or an originating summons under Order 113) as they apply in relation to a writ, except that an acknowledgment of service of an originating summons shall be in Form No. 15 or 15A in Appendix A, whichever is appropriate. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

Rule 1(1), (2), (3) and (4) shall apply, with any necessary modifications, in relation to a notice of an originating motion and a petition as they apply in relation to a writ.

Provided that the writ is not a writ to which paragraph (2) of this rule applies, service of a writ out of the jurisdiction is permissible with the leave of the Court if in the action begun by the writ— (L.N. 363 of 1990)

Service of a writ out of the jurisdiction is permissible without the leave of the Court provided that each claim made by the writ is—

Where a writ is to be served out of the jurisdiction under paragraph (2), the time to be inserted in the writ within which the defendant served therewith must acknowledge service shall—

This rule shall not apply to a writ— (L.N. 122 of 2017)

An application for the grant of leave under rule 1(l) must be supported by an affidavit stating—

No such leave shall be granted unless it shall be made sufficiently to appear to the Court that the case is a proper one for service out of the jurisdiction under this Order.

An order granting under rule 1 leave to serve a writ out of the jurisdiction must limit a time within which the defendant to be served must acknowledge service.

Subject to the following provisions of this rule, Order 10, rule 1(l), (4) and (5) and (6) and Order 65, rule 4, shall apply in relation to the service of a writ notwithstanding that the writ is to be served out of the jurisdiction, save that the accompanying form of acknowledgment of service shall be modified in such manner as may be appropriate.

Nothing in this rule, rule 5A or any order or direction of the Court made by virtue of it shall authorize or require the doing of anything in a country or place in which service is to be effected which is contrary to the law of that country or place. (L.N. 39 of 1999)

A writ which is to be served out of the jurisdiction—

An official certificate stating that a writ as regards which rule 5A or rule 6 has been complied with, has been served on a person personally, or in accordance with the law of the country or place in which service was effected, on a specified date, being a certificate—

shall be evidence of the facts so stated. (L.N. 39 of 1999)

An official certificate by the Chief Secretary for Administration stating that a writ has been duly served on a specified date in accordance with a request made under rule 7 shall be evidence of that fact. (L.N. 362 of 1997)

A document purporting to be such a certificate as is mentioned in paragraph (5) or (6) shall, until the contrary is proved, be deemed to be such a certificate.

Where in accordance with these rules, a writ is to be served on a person in the Mainland or Macao, the writ must be served through the judicial authorities of the Mainland or Macao, as the case may be. (L.N. 25 of 2020)

A person who wishes to serve a writ under paragraph (1) must lodge in the Registry a request for such service, together with 2 copies of the writ and 2 additional copies thereof for the person to be served.

The request lodged under paragraph (2) must contain—

Every copy of a writ lodged under paragraph (2) must be in Chinese or accompanied by a Chinese translation.

Every translation lodged under paragraph (4) must be certified by the person making it to be a correct translation; and the certificate must contain a statement of that person’s full name, of his address and of his qualifications for making the translation.

Documents duly lodged under paragraph (2) shall be sent by the Registrar to the relevant judicial authorities with a request that they arrange for the writ to be served or, where a particular method of service is indicated under paragraph (3)(c), to be served by that method. (L.N. 25 of 2020)

In this rule—

Save where a writ is to be served pursuant to paragraph (2A) this rule does not apply to service in—

Where in accordance with these rules a writ is to be served on a defendant in any country with respect to which there subsists a Civil Procedure Convention (other than the Hague Convention) providing for service in that country of process of the Court, the writ may be served—

Where in accordance with these rules, a writ is to be served on a defendant in any country which is a party to the Hague Convention, the writ may be served—

Where in accordance with these rules a writ is to be served on a defendant in any country with respect to which there does not subsist a Civil Procedure Convention providing for service in that country of process of the Court of First Instance, the writ may be served— (25 of 1998 s. 2)

A person who wishes to serve a writ by a method specified in paragraph (2), (2A) or (3) must lodge in the Registry a request for service of the writ by that method, together with a copy of the writ and an additional copy thereof for each person to be served.

Every copy of a writ lodged under paragraph (4) must be accompanied by a translation of the writ in the official language of the country in which service is to be effected or, if there is more than one official language of that country, in any one of those languages which is appropriate to the place in that country where service is to be effected: Provided that this paragraph shall not apply in relation to a copy of a writ which is to be served in a country the official language of which is, or the official languages of which include, English, or is to be served in any country by a British consular authority on a British subject, unless the service is to be effected under paragraph (2) and the Civil Procedure Convention with respect to that country expressly requires the copy to be accompanied by a translation.

Every translation lodged under paragraph (5) must be certified by the person making it to be a correct translation; and the certificate must contain a statement of that person’s full name, of his address and of his qualification for making the translation.

Documents duly lodged under paragraph (4) shall be sent by the Registrar to the Chief Secretary for Administration with a request that he arrange for the writ to be served by the method indicated in the request lodged under paragraph (4) or, where alternative methods are so indicated, by such one of those methods as is most convenient. (L.N. 362 of 1997)

Subject to paragraph (4) where a person to whom leave has been granted under rule 1 to serve a writ on a State, as defined in section 14 of the State Immunity Act 1978 (1978 c. 33 U.K.), wishes to have the writ served on that State, he must lodge in the Registry—

Rule 6(6) shall apply in relation to a translation lodged under paragraph (1) of this rule as it applies in relation to a translation lodged under paragraph (5) of that rule.

Documents duly lodged under this rule shall be sent by the Registrar to the Chief Secretary for Administration with a request that the Chief Secretary for Administration arrange for the writ to be served on the State or the government in question, as the case may be. (L.N. 362 of 1997)

Where section 12(6) of the State Immunity Act 1978 (1978 c. 33 U.K.) applies and the State has agreed to a method of service other than that provided by the preceding paragraphs, the writ may be served either by the method agreed or in accordance with the preceding paragraphs of this rule.

Where a person to whom leave has been granted under rule 1 to serve a writ on a High Contracting Party or State Party, as may be appropriate, within the meaning of section 2(1) of Carriage by Air Ordinance (Cap. 500), being a writ beginning an action to enforce a claim in respect of carriage undertaken by that Party, wishes to have the writ served on that Party, he must lodge in the Registry— (13 of 1997 s. 20; 22 of 2005 s. 26; L.N. 122 of 2017)

Rule 6(6) shall apply in relation to a translation lodged under paragraph (1) of this rule as it applies in relation to a translation lodged under paragraph (5) of that rule.

Documents duly lodged under this rule shall be sent by the Registrar to the Chief Secretary for Administration with a request that the Chief Secretary for Administration arrange for the writ to be served on the High Contracting Party or State Party, as may be appropriate. (22 of 2005 s. 26)

Subject to paragraph (4A) and Order 73, rule 7, rule 1 of this Order shall apply to the service out of the jurisdiction of an originating summons, notice of motion or petition as it applies to service of a writ. (L.N. 3 of 2016)

Subject to paragraph (4A) and Order 73, rule 7, service out of the jurisdiction of any summons, notice or order issued, given or made in any proceedings is permissible with the leave of the Court, but leave shall not be required for such service in any proceedings in which the writ, originating summons, motion or petition may by these rules or under any written law be served out of the jurisdiction without leave. (L.N. 3 of 2016)

Service out of the jurisdiction of any originating summons or summons issued under Order 121, rule 2 is permissible without the leave of the Court. (L.N. 3 of 2016)

Rule 4(1), (2) and (3) shall, so far as applicable, apply in relation to an application for the grant of leave under this rule as they apply in relation to an application for the grant of leave under rule 1.

An order granting under this rule leave to serve out of the jurisdiction an originating summons must limit a time within which the defendant to be served with the summons must acknowledge service.

Rules 5, 5A, 6, 8 and 8A shall apply in relation to any document for the service of which out of the jurisdiction leave has been granted under this rule as they apply in relation to a writ. (L.N. 39 of 1999)

Subject to paragraph (2) and to Order 80, rule 2, a defendant to an action begun by writ may (whether or not he is sued as a trustee or personal representative or in any other representative capacity) acknowledge service of the writ and defend the action by a solicitor or in person.

The defendant to such an action who is a body corporate may acknowledge service of the writ and give notice of intention to defend the action either by a solicitor or by a person duly authorized to act on the defendant’s behalf but, except as expressly provided by or under any enactment or where leave is given under paragraph (2A) for such defendant to be represented by one of its directors, such defendant may not take any further step in the action otherwise than by a solicitor.

No appeal shall lie from an order of the Registrar under paragraph (2A) giving or refusing leave.

Leave given by a Registrar under paragraph (2A) may be revoked by the Court at any time.

No appeal shall lie from an order of the Court revoking leave given by a Registrar.

Service of a writ may be acknowledged by properly completing an acknowledgment of service as defined by rule 3 and handing it in at, or sending it by post to, the Registry.

If two or more defendants to an action acknowledge service by the same solicitor and at the same time, only one acknowledgment of service need be completed and delivered for those defendants.

The date on which service is acknowledged is the date on which the acknowledgment of service is received at the Registry.

An acknowledgment of service must be in Form No. 14, 15 or 15A in Appendix A, whichever is appropriate, and except as provided in rule 1(2), must be signed by the solicitor acting for the defendant specified in the acknowledgment or, if the defendant is acting in person, by that defendant. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

An acknowledgment of service must specify—

and where the defendant acknowledges service in person the address within the jurisdiction specified under sub-paragraph (a) shall be his address for service, but otherwise his solicitor’s business address shall be his address for service.

In relation to a body corporate the references in sub-paragraph (a) to the defendant’s place of residence shall be construed as references to the defendant’s registered or principal office.

Where the defendant acknowledges service by a solicitor who is acting as agent for another solicitor having a place of business within the jurisdiction, the acknowledgment of service must state that the first-named solicitor so acts and must also state the name and address of that other solicitor.

If an acknowledgment of service does not specify the defendant’s address for service or the Court is satisfied that any address specified in the acknowledgment for service is not genuine, the Court may on application by the plaintiff set aside the acknowledgment or order the defendant to give an address or, as the case may be, a genuine address for service and may in any case direct that the acknowledgment shall nevertheless have effect for the purpose of Order 10, rule 1(5), and Order 65, rule 9.

Except with the leave of the Court, a defendant may not give notice of intention to defend in an action after judgment has been obtained therein.

Except as provided by paragraph (1) nothing in these rules or any writ or order thereunder shall be construed as precluding a defendant from acknowledging service in an action after the time limited for so doing, but if a defendant acknowledges service after that time, he shall not, unless the Court otherwise orders, be entitled to serve a defence or do any other act later than if he had acknowledged service within that time.

A defendant who wishes to dispute the jurisdiction of the court in the proceedings by reason of any such irregularity as is mentioned in rule 7 or on any other ground shall give notice of intention to defend the proceedings and shall, within the time limited for service of a defence, apply to the Court for—

A defendant who wishes to argue that the Court should not exercise its jurisdiction in the proceedings on one or more of the grounds specified in paragraph (2A) or on any other ground shall also give notice of intention to defend the proceedings and shall, within the time limited for service of a defence, apply to the Court for—

The grounds specified for the purposes of paragraph (2) are that—

An application under paragraph (1) or (2) must be made by summons and the summons must state the grounds of the application. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

An application under paragraph (1) or (2) must be supported by an affidavit verifying the facts on which the application is based and a copy of the affidavit must be served with the summons by which the application is made.

Upon hearing an application under paragraph (1) or (2), the Court, if it does not dispose of the matter in dispute, may give such directions for its disposal as may be appropriate, including directions for the trial thereof as a preliminary issue.

A defendant who makes an application under paragraph (1) or (2) shall not be treated as having submitted to the jurisdiction of the court by reason of his having given notice of intention to defend the action; but if the Court makes no order on the application or dismisses it, the notice shall stand unless otherwise directed by the Court and the defendant shall be treated as having given notice of intention to defend the action.

If the Court makes no order on an application under paragraph (1) or (2) or dismisses it, it may give such directions as may be appropriate for service of a defence and the further conduct of the proceedings. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

Except where the defendant makes an application in accordance with paragraph (1) or (2), the acknowledgment by a defendant of service of a writ shall, unless the acknowledgment is withdrawn by leave of the Court under Order 21, rule 1, be treated as a submission by the defendant to the jurisdiction of the Court in the proceedings.

Any person named as a defendant in a writ which has not been served on him may serve on the plaintiff a notice requiring him within a specified period not less than 14 days after service of the notice either to serve the writ on the defendant or to discontinue the action as against him.

Where the plaintiff fails to comply with a notice under paragraph (1) within the time specified the Court may, on the application of the defendant by summons, order the action to be dismissed or make such other order as it thinks fit.

A summons under paragraph (2) shall be supported by an affidavit verifying the facts on which the application is based and stating that the defendant intends to contest the proceedings and a copy of the affidavit must be served with the summons.

Where the plaintiff serves the writ in compliance with a notice under paragraph (1) or with an order under paragraph (2) the defendant must acknowledge service within the time limited for so doing.

Each defendant named in and served with an originating summons (other than an ex parte originating summons or an originating summons under Order 113 or an application under Order 121) must acknowledge service of the summons as if it were a writ.

The foregoing rules of this Order shall apply in relation to an originating summons (other than an ex parte originating summons or an originating summons under Order 113 or an application under Order 121) as they apply to a writ except that after the word “extended” wherever it occurs in rule 5(a), there shall be inserted the words “or abridged” and for the reference in rule 5(b) to Order 11, rules 1(3) and 4(4), there shall be substituted a reference to Order 11, rule 9(6).

Where a writ is indorsed with a claim against a defendant for a liquidated demand only, then, if that defendant fails to give notice of intention to defend, the plaintiff may, after the prescribed time, enter final judgment against that defendant for a sum not exceeding that claimed by the writ in respect of the demand and for costs, and proceed with the action against the other defendants, if any. (See App. A, Form 39)

A claim shall not be prevented from being treated for the purposes of this rule as a claim for a liquidated demand by reason only that part of the claim is for interest under section 48 of the Ordinance at a rate which is not higher than that payable on judgment debts at the date of the writ.

Where a writ is indorsed with a claim against a defendant relating to the detention of goods only, then, if that defendant fails to give notice of intention to defend the plaintiff may, after the prescribed time and subject to Order 42, rule 1A—

and in any case proceed with the action against the other defendants, if any. (See App. A Form 41)

A summons under paragraph (1)(b) must be supported by affidavit and notwithstanding Order 65, rule 9, the summons and a copy of the affidavit must be served on the defendant against whom judgment is sought.

Where a writ is indorsed with a claim against a defendant for possession of land only, then, if that defendant fails to give notice of intention to defend the plaintiff may, after the prescribed time, and on producing a certificate by his solicitor, or (if he sues in person) an affidavit, stating that he is not claiming any relief in the action of the nature specified in Order 88, rule 1, enter judgment for possession of the land as against that defendant and costs, and proceed with the action against the other defendants, if any. (See App. A Form 42)

Where there is more than one defendant, judgment entered under this rule shall not be enforced against any defendant unless and until judgment for possession of the land has been entered against all the defendants.

Where a writ is indorsed with a claim of a description not mentioned in rules 1 to 4, then, if any defendant fails to give notice of intention to defend, the plaintiff may, after the prescribed time and, if that defendant has not acknowledged service, upon filing an affidavit proving due service of the writ on him and, where the statement of claim was not indorsed on or served with the writ, upon serving a statement of claim on him, proceed with the action as if that defendant had given notice of intention to defend.

Where a writ issued against a defendant is indorsed as aforesaid, but by reason of the defendant’s satisfying the claim or complying with the demands thereof or any other like reason it has become unnecessary for the plaintiff to proceed with the action, then, if the defendant fails to give notice of intention to defend, the plaintiff may, after the prescribed time, enter judgment against that defendant for costs.

(Repealed L.N. 99 of 1993)

Judgment shall not be entered against a defendant under this Order unless—

Where, in an action begun by writ, an application is made to the Court for an order affecting a party who has failed to give notice of intention to defend, the Court hearing the application may require to be satisfied in such manner as it thinks fit that the party failed to give such notice.

Where, after judgment has been entered under this Order against a defendant purporting to have been served by post under Order 10, rule 1(2)(a), the copy of the writ sent to the defendant is returned to the plaintiff through the post undelivered to the addressee, the plaintiff shall, before taking any step or further step in the action or the enforcement of the judgment, either—

A request under paragraph (3)(a) shall be made by producing to an officer of the Registry and leaving with him for filing, an affidavit stating the relevant facts, and thereupon the judgment shall be set aside and the entry of the judgment and of any proceedings for its enforcement made in the book kept in the Registry for that purpose shall be marked accordingly.

An application under paragraph (3)(b) shall be made ex parte by affidavit stating the facts on which the application is founded and any order or direction sought, and on the application the Court may—

Where the defendant is a State, as defined in section 14 of the State Immunity Act 1978 (1978 c. 33 U.K.) (the Act), the plaintiff shall not be entitled to enter judgment under this Order except with the leave of the Court.

An application for leave to enter judgment shall be supported by an affidavit—

The application may be made ex parte but the Court hearing the application may direct a summons to be issued and served on that State, for which purpose such a direction shall include leave to serve the summons and a copy of the affidavit out of the jurisdiction.

Unless the Court otherwise directs, an affidavit for the purposes of this rule may contain statements of information or belief with the sources and grounds thereof, and the grant of leave to enter judgment under this Order shall include leave to serve out of the jurisdiction—

The procedure for effecting service out of the jurisdiction pursuant to leave granted in accordance with the rule shall be the same as for the service of the writ under Order 11, rule 7(1), except where section 12(6) of the Act applies and an alternative method of service has been agreed.

In this Order—

For the purposes of rules 6(1)(b) and 7(1)(b), the amount of a claim is treated as unliquidated if the claim consists of a claim for a liquidated amount of money and a claim for an unliquidated amount of money.

Where the only remedy that a plaintiff is seeking is the payment of money, the defendant may make an admission in accordance with—

Where the defendant makes an admission as mentioned in paragraph (1), the plaintiff may enter judgment except where—

The Court may allow a party to amend or withdraw an admission if the Court considers it just to do so having regard to all the circumstances of the case.

The period for filing and serving an admission under rule 4, 5, 6 or 7 is—

A defendant may file an admission under rule 4, 5, 6 or 7—

If the defendant files an admission under paragraph (2), this Order applies as if he had made the admission specified in paragraph (1)(a) or (b), as the case may be.

This rule applies where—

The defendant may admit the claim by—

The plaintiff may obtain judgment by filing in the Registry a request in Form No. 16A in Appendix A and, if he does so—

If the plaintiff does not file a request for judgment within 14 days after the copy of the admission is served on him, the claim is stayed until he files the request.

The plaintiff may specify in his request for judgment—

Upon receipt of the request for judgment, the Court shall enter judgment.

Judgment shall be for the amount of the claim (less any payments made) and costs to be paid—

This rule applies where—

The defendant may admit part of the claim by—

Within 14 days after the copy of the admission is served on him, the plaintiff shall—

If the plaintiff does not file the notice in accordance with paragraph (3), the whole claim is stayed until he files the notice.

If the plaintiff accepts the amount admitted in satisfaction of the whole claim, he may obtain judgment by filing in the Registry a request in Form No. 16B in Appendix A and, if he does so—

The plaintiff may specify in his request for judgment—

Upon receipt of the request for judgment, the Court shall enter judgment.

Judgment shall be for the amount admitted (less any payments made) and costs to be paid—

This rule applies where—

The defendant may admit the claim by—

The plaintiff may obtain judgment by filing in the Registry a request in Form No. 16D in Appendix A.

If the plaintiff does not file a request for judgment within 14 days after the copy of the admission is served on him, the claim is stayed until he files the request.

Upon receipt of the request for judgment, the Court shall enter judgment.

Judgment shall be for an amount to be decided by the Court and costs.

This rule applies where—

The defendant may admit the claim by—

Within 14 days after the copy of the admission is served on him, the plaintiff shall—

If the plaintiff does not file the notice in accordance with paragraph (3), the claim is stayed until he files the notice.

If the plaintiff accepts the offer he may obtain judgment by filing in the Registry a request in Form No. 16E in Appendix A and if he does so—

The plaintiff may specify in his request for judgment—

Upon receipt of the request for judgment, the Court shall enter judgment.

Judgment shall be for the amount offered by the defendant (less any payments made) and costs to be paid—

If the plaintiff does not accept the amount offered by the defendant, he may obtain judgment by filing in the Registry a request in Form No. 16E in Appendix A.

Judgment under paragraph (9) shall be for an amount to be decided by the Court and costs.

A defendant who makes an admission under rule 4, 5 or 7 may make a request for time to pay.

A request for time to pay is a proposal about the date of payment or a proposal to pay by instalments at the times and rate specified in the request.

The defendant’s request for time to pay must be filed with his admission.

If the plaintiff accepts the defendant’s request for time to pay, he may obtain judgment by filing in the Registry a request for judgment in Form No. 16A, 16B or 16E (as the case may be) in Appendix A.

Upon receipt of the request for judgment, the Court shall enter judgment.

Judgment shall be—

and (in all cases) shall be for payment by the date or at the times and rate specified in the defendant’s request for time to pay.

Where judgment is for payment by instalments at the times and rate specified in the defendant’s request for time to pay, then unless the Court otherwise orders and subject to paragraph (8), execution of the judgment is stayed pending payment.

If the defendant fails to pay an instalment or part of an instalment in accordance with the judgment, the stay of execution pursuant to paragraph (7) immediately ceases and the plaintiff may enforce the payment of the whole amount adjudged to be paid or the whole of any unpaid balance.

This rule applies where the defendant makes a request for time to pay under rule 9.

If the plaintiff does not accept the defendant’s proposal for payment, he shall file in the Registry a notice in Form No. 16A, 16B or 16E (as the case may be) in Appendix A.

When the Court receives the plaintiff’s notice, it shall enter judgment for the amount admitted (less any payments made) to be paid by the date or at the times and rate of payment determined by the Court.

Where the Court is to determine the date or the times and rate of payment, it—

If there is to be a hearing to determine the date or the times and rate of payment, the Court shall give each party at least 7 days’ notice of the hearing.

Where the Court has determined the date or the times and rate of payment under rule 10(4) without a hearing, either party may apply for the decision to be re-determined by the Court.

An application for re-determination must be made within 14 days after the applicant is served with notice of the determination.

Judgment under rule 4, 5 or 7 must include the amount of interest claimed to the date of judgment if—

In any case where judgment is entered under rule 4, 5 or 7 and the conditions specified in paragraph (1) are not satisfied, judgment shall be for an amount of interest to be decided by the Court.

This rule applies where the only remedy that the plaintiff is seeking is the payment of money, whether or not the amount is liquidated.

Where a writ of summons, an originating summons or any other originating process is served on a defendant, it must be accompanied by—

This Order (other than rule 13) applies in relation to a writ of summons, an originating summons or any other originating process served before the commencement* of this Order if—

This Order applies in relation to a counterclaim with the necessary modifications as if—

Where a defendant has made a claim against a person not already a party to the action under Order 16, rule 1 or 8, this Order applies in relation to that claim and any other claim made under Order 16, rule 9 with the necessary modifications as if—

Where in an action to which this rule applies a statement of claim has been served on a defendant and that defendant has given notice of intention to defend the action, the plaintiff may, on the ground that that defendant has no defence to a claim included in the writ, or to a particular part of such a claim, or has no defence to such a claim or part except as to the amount of any damages claimed, apply to the Court for judgment against that defendant.

Subject to paragraph (3) this rule applies to every action begun by writ other than—

This Order shall not apply to an action to which Order 86 or Order 88 applies.

An application under rule 1 must be made by summons supported by an affidavit verifying the facts on which the claim, or the part of a claim, to which the application relates is based and stating that in the deponent’s belief there is no defence to that claim or part, as the case may be, or no defence except as to the amount of any damages claimed.

Unless the Court otherwise directs, an affidavit for the purposes of this rule may contain statements of information or belief with the sources and grounds thereof.

The summons, a copy of the affidavit in support and of any exhibits referred to therein must be served on the defendant not less than 10 clear days before the return day.

Unless on the hearing of an application under rule 1 either the Court dismisses the application or the defendant satisfies the Court with respect to the claim, or the part of a claim, to which the application relates that there is an issue or question in dispute which ought to be tried or that there ought for some other reason to be a trial of that claim or part, the Court may give such judgment for the plaintiff against that defendant on that claim or part as may be just having regard to the nature of the remedy or relief claimed. (See App. A Form 44)

The Court may by order, and subject to such conditions, if any, as may be just, stay execution of any judgment given against a defendant under this rule until after the trial of any counterclaim made or raised by the defendant in the action.

A defendant may show cause against an application under rule 1 by affidavit or otherwise to the satisfaction of the Court.

Rule 2(2) applies for the purposes of this rule as it applies for the purposes of that rule.

The Court may give a defendant against whom such an application is made leave to defend the action with respect to the claim, or the part of a claim, to which the application relates either unconditionally or on such terms as to giving security or time or mode of trial or otherwise as it thinks fit.

On the hearing of such an application the Court may order a defendant showing cause or, where that defendant is a body corporate, any director, manager, secretary or other similar officer thereof, or any person purporting to act in any such capacity—

Where a defendant to an action begun by writ has served a counterclaim on the plaintiff, then, subject to paragraph (3), the defendant may, on the ground that the plaintiff has no defence to a claim made in the counterclaim, or to a particular part of such a claim, apply to the Court for judgment against the plaintiff on that claim or part.

Rules 2, 3 and 4 shall apply in relation to an application under this rule as they apply in relation to an application under rule 1 but with the following modifications, that is to say—

This rule shall not apply to a counterclaim which includes any such claim as is referred to in rule 1(2).

Where the Court—

the Court shall give directions as to the further conduct of the action, and Order 25, rules 2 to 7, shall, with the omission of so much of rule 7(1) as requires parties to serve a notice specifying the orders and directions which they require and with any other necessary modifications, apply as if the application under rule 1 of this Order or rule 5 thereof, as the case may be, on which the order was made were a case management summons. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

In particular, and if the parties consent, the Court may direct that the claim in question and any other claim in the action be tried by a master under the provisions of these rules relating to the trial of causes or matters or questions or issues by masters.

If the plaintiff makes an application under rule 1 where the case is not within this Order or if it appears to the Court that the plaintiff knew that the defendant relied on a contention which would entitle him to unconditional leave to defend, then, without prejudice to Order 62 and in particular to rule 4(1) thereof, the Court may dismiss the application with costs and may require the costs to be paid by him forthwith.

The Court shall have the same power to dismiss an application under rule 5 as it has under paragraph (1) to dismiss an application under rule 1, and that paragraph shall apply accordingly with the necessary modifications.

Where on an application under rule 1 the plaintiff obtains judgment on a claim or a part of a claim against any defendant, he may proceed with the action as respects any other claim or as respects the remainder of the claim or against any other defendant.

Where on an application under rule 5 a defendant obtains judgment on a claim or part of a claim made in a counterclaim against the plaintiff, he may proceed with the counterclaim as respects any other claim or as respects the remainder of the claim or against any other defendant to the counterclaim.

The Court may upon the application of a party or of its own motion determine any question of law or construction of any document arising in any cause or matter at any stage of the proceedings where it appears to the Court that—

Upon such determination the Court may dismiss the cause or matter or make such order or judgment as it thinks just.

The Court shall not determine any question under this Order unless the parties have either—

The jurisdiction of the Court under this Order may be exercised by a master.

Nothing in this Order shall limit the powers of the Court under Order 18, rule 19 or any other provision of these rules.

Subject to rule 5(1), a plaintiff may in one action claim relief against the same defendant in respect of more than one cause of action—

An application for leave under this rule must be made ex parte by affidavit before the issue of the writ or originating summons, as the case may be, and the affidavit must state the grounds of the application.

Subject to rule 5(2), a defendant in any action who alleges that he has any claim or is entitled to any relief or remedy against a plaintiff in the action in respect of any matter (whenever and however arising) may, instead of bringing a separate action, make a counterclaim in respect of that matter; and where he does so he must add the counterclaim to his defence.

Rule 1 shall apply in relation to a counterclaim as if the counterclaim were a separate action and as if the person making the counterclaim were the plaintiff and the person against whom it is made a defendant.

A counterclaim may be proceeded with notwithstanding that judgment is given for the plaintiff in the action or that the action is stayed, discontinued or dismissed.

Where a defendant establishes a counterclaim against the claim of the plaintiff and there is a balance in favour of one of the parties, the Court may give judgment for the balance, so, however, that this provision shall not be taken as affecting the Court’s discretion with respect to costs.

Where a defendant to an action who makes a counter-claim against the plaintiff alleges that any other person (whether or not a party to the action) is liable to him along with the plaintiff in respect of the subject-matter of the counterclaim, or claims against such other person any relief relating to or connected with the original subject-matter of the action, then, subject to rule 5(2), he may join that other person as a party against whom the counter-claim is made.

Where a defendant joins a person as a party against whom he makes a counterclaim, he must add that person’s name to the title of the action and serve on him a copy of the counterclaim and, in the case of a person who is not already a party to the action, the defendant must issue the counterclaim out of the Registry and serve on the person concerned a sealed copy of the counterclaim together with a form of acknowledgment of service in Form No. 14 in Appendix A (with such modifications as the circumstances may require) and a copy of the writ or originating summons by which the action was begun and of all other pleadings served in the action; and a person on whom a copy of a counterclaim is served under this paragraph shall, if he is not already a party to the action, become a party to it as from the time of service with the same rights in respect of his defence to the counterclaim and otherwise as if he had been duly sued in the ordinary way by the party making the counterclaim.

A defendant who is required by paragraph (2) to serve a copy of the counterclaim made by him on any person who before service is already a party to the action must do so within the period within which, by virtue of Order 18, rule 2, he must serve on the plaintiff the defence to which the counterclaim is added.

The appropriate office for issuing and acknowledging service of a counterclaim against a person who is not already a party to the action is the Registry.

Where by virtue of paragraph (2) a copy of a counterclaim is required to be served on a person who is not already a party to the action, the following provisions of these rules, namely, Order 6, rule 7(3) and (5), Order 10, Order 11, Orders 12 and 13 and Order 75, rule 4, shall, subject to the last foregoing paragraph, apply in relation to the counterclaim and the proceedings arising from it as if—

Where by virtue of paragraph (2) a copy of a counterclaim is required to be served on any person other than the plaintiff, who before service is already a party to the action, the provisions of Order 14, rule 5 shall apply in relation to the counterclaim and the proceedings arising therefrom, as if the party against whom the counterclaim is made were the plaintiff in the action. (L.N. 363 of 1990)

A copy of a counterclaim required to be served on a person who is not already a party to the action must be indorsed with a notice, in Form No. 17 in Appendix A, addressed to that person.

Subject to rule 5(1), two or more persons may be joined together in one action as plaintiffs or as defendants with the leave of the Court or where—

Where the plaintiff in any action claims any relief to which any other person is entitled jointly with him, all persons so entitled must, subject to the provisions of any written law and unless the Court gives leave to the contrary, be parties to the action and any of them who does not consent to being joined as a plaintiff must, subject to any order made by the Court on an application for leave under this paragraph, be made a defendant.

This paragraph shall not apply to a probate action.

Where relief is claimed in an action against a defendant who is jointly liable with some other person and also severally liable, that other person need not be made a defendant to the action; but where persons are jointly, but not severally, liable under a contract and relief is claimed against some but not all of those persons in an action in respect of that contract, the Court may, on the application of any defendant to the action, by order stay proceedings in the action until the other persons so liable are added as defendants. (L.N. 122 of 2017)

If claims in respect of two or more causes of action are included by a plaintiff in the same action or by a defendant in a counterclaim, or if two or more plaintiffs or defendants are parties to the same action, and it appears to the Court that the joinder of causes of action or of parties, as the case may be, may embarrass or delay the trial or is otherwise inconvenient, the Court may order separate trials or make such other order as may be expedient.

If it appears on the application of any party against whom a counterclaim is made that the subject-matter of the counterclaim ought for any reason to be disposed of by a separate action, the Court may order the counterclaim to be struck out or may order it to be tried separately or make such other order as may be expedient.

No cause or matter shall be defeated by reason of the misjoinder or nonjoinder of any party; and the Court may in any cause or matter determine the issues or questions in dispute so far as they affect the rights and interests of the persons who are parties to the cause or matter. (L.N. 167 of 1994)

Subject to the provision of this rule, at any stage of the proceedings in any cause or matter the Court may on such terms as it thinks just and either of its own motion or on application—

An application by any person for an order under paragraph (2) adding him as a party must, except with the leave of the Court, be supported by an affidavit showing his interest in the matters in dispute in the cause or matter or, as the case may be, the question or issue to be determined as between him and any party to the cause or matter.

No person shall be added as a plaintiff without his consent signified in writing or in such other manner as may be authorized.

No person shall be added or substituted as a party after the expiry of any relevant period of limitation unless either—

The addition or substitution of a new party shall be treated as necessary for the purposes of paragraph (5)(a) if, and only if, the Court is satisfied that—

Where any person against whom an action would have lain has died but the cause of action survives, the action may, if no grant of probate or administration has been made, be brought against the estate of the deceased.

Without prejudice to the generality of paragraph (1), an action brought against “the personal representatives of A.B. deceased” shall be treated, for the purposes of that paragraph, as having been brought against his estate.

An action purporting to have been commenced by or against a person shall be treated, if he was dead at its commencement and the cause of action survives, as having been commenced by his estate or against it in accordance with paragraph (1) as the case may be, whether or not a grant of probate or administration was made before its commencement. (L.N. 363 of 1990)

In any such action as is referred to in paragraph (1) or (3)—

Before making an order under paragraph (4) the Court may require notice to be given to any insurer of the deceased who has an interest in the proceedings and to such (if any) of the persons having an interest in the estate as it thinks fit.

Where an order is made under paragraph (4) at the instance of a plaintiff appointing the Official Solicitor to represent the deceased’s estate, the appointment shall be limited to his accepting service of the writ or originating summons by which the action was begun unless, either on making such an order or on a subsequent application, the Court, with the consent of the Official Solicitor, directs that the appointment shall extend to taking further steps in the proceedings. (L.N. 363 of 1990; L.N. 375 of 1991)

Where an order is made under paragraph (4), rules 7(4) and 8(3) and (4) shall apply as if the order had been made under rule 7 on the application of the plaintiff.

Where no grant of probate or administration has been made, any judgment or order given or made in the proceedings shall bind the estate to the same extent as it would have been bound if a grant had been made and a personal representative of the deceased had been a party to the proceedings. (L.N. 363 of 1990)

Where a party to an action dies or becomes bankrupt but the cause of action survives, the action shall not abate by reason of the death or bankruptcy.

Where at any stage of the proceedings in any cause or matter the interest or liability of any party is assigned or transmitted to or devolves upon some other person, the Court may, if it thinks it necessary in order to ensure that all matters in dispute in the cause or matter may be effectually and completely determined and adjudicated upon, order that other person to be made a party to the cause or matter and the proceedings to be carried on as if he had been substituted for the first mentioned party.

An application for an order under this paragraph may be made ex parte.

An order may be made under this rule for a person to be made a party to a cause or matter notwithstanding that he is already a party to it on the other side of the record, or on the same side but in a different capacity; but—

The person on whose application an order is made under this rule must procure the order to be noted in the cause book, and after the order has been so noted that person must, unless the Court otherwise directs, serve the order on every other person who is a party to the cause or matter or who becomes or ceases to be a party by virtue of the order and serve with the order on any person who becomes a defendant a copy of the writ or originating summons by which the cause or matter was begun and of all other pleadings served in the proceedings and a form of acknowledgment of service in Form No. 14 or 15 in Appendix A, whichever is appropriate. (L.N. 404 of 1991)

Any application to the Court by a person served with an order made ex parte under this rule for the discharge or variation of the order must be made within 14 days after the service of the order on that person.

Where an order is made under rule 6 the writ by which the action in question was begun must be amended accordingly and must be indorsed with—

and the amendment must be made within such period as may be specified in the order or, if no period is so specified, within 14 days after the making of the order.

Where by an order under rule 6 a person is to be made a defendant, the rules as to service of a writ of summons shall apply accordingly to service of the amended writ on him, but before serving the writ on him the person on whose application the order was made must procure the order to be noted in the cause book.

Together with the writ of summons served under paragraph (2) shall be served a copy of all other pleadings served in the action. (L.N. 404 of 1991)

Where by an order under rule 6 or 7 a person is to be made a defendant, the rules as to acknowledgment of service shall apply accordingly to acknowledgment of service by him subject, in the case of a person to be made a defendant by an order under rule 7, to the modification that the time limited for acknowledging service shall begin with the date on which the order is served on him under rule 7(4) or, if the order is not required to be served on him, with the date on which the order is noted in the cause book.

Where by an order under rule 6 or 7 a person is to be added as a party or is to be made a party in substitution for some other party, that person shall not become a party until—

and where by virtue of the foregoing provision a person becomes a party in substitution for some other party, all things done in the course of the proceedings before the making of the order shall have effect in relation to the new party as they had in relation to the old except that acknowledgment of service by the old party shall not dispense with acknowledgment of service by the new.

The foregoing provisions of this rule shall apply in relation to an action begun by originating summons as they apply in relation to an action begun by writ.

If after the death of a plaintiff or defendant in any action the cause of action survives, but no order under rule 7 is made substituting as plaintiff any person in whom the cause of action vests or, as the case may be, the personal representatives of the deceased defendant, the defendant or, as the case may be, those representatives may apply to the Court for an order that unless the action is proceeded with within such time as may be specified in the order the action shall be struck out as against the plaintiff or defendant, as the case may be, who has died; but where it is the plaintiff who has died, the Court shall not make an order under this rule unless satisfied that due notice of the application has been given to the personal representatives (if any) of the deceased plaintiff and to any other interested persons who, in the opinion of the Court, should be notified.

Where in any action a counterclaim is made by a defendant, this rule shall apply in relation to the counterclaim as if the counterclaim were a separate action and as if the defendant making the counterclaim were the plaintiff and the person against whom it is made a defendant.

Without prejudice to rule 6, the Court may at any stage of the proceedings in an action for possession of land order any person not a party to the action who is in possession of the land (whether in actual possession or by a tenant) to be added as a defendant.

An application by any person for an order under this rule may be made ex parte, supported by an affidavit showing that he is in possession of the land in question and if by a tenant, naming him.
The affidavit shall specify the applicant’s address for service and Order 12, rule 3(2), (3) and (4), shall apply as if the affidavit were an acknowledgment of service.

A person added as a defendant by an order under this rule must serve on the plaintiff a copy of the order giving the added defendant’s address for service specified in accordance with paragraph (2).

Where numerous persons have the same interest in any proceedings, not being such proceedings as are mentioned in rule 13, the proceedings may be begun, and, unless the Court otherwise orders, continued, by or against any one or more of them as representing all or as representing all except one or more of them.

At any stage of proceedings under this rule the Court may, on the application of the plaintiff, and on such terms, if any, as it thinks fit, appoint any one or more of the defendants or other persons as representing whom the defendants are sued to represent all, or all except one or more, of those persons in the proceedings; and where, in exercise of the power conferred by this paragraph, the Court appoints a person not named as a defendant, it shall make an order under rule 6 adding that person as a defendant.

A judgment or order given in proceedings under this rule shall be binding on all the persons as representing whom the plaintiffs sue or, as the case may be, the defendants are sued, but shall not be enforced against any person not a party to the proceedings except with the leave of the Court.

An application for the grant of leave under paragraph (3) must be made by summons which must be served personally on the person against whom it is sought to enforce the judgment or order.

Notwithstanding that a judgment or order to which any such application relates is binding on the person against whom the application is made, that person may dispute liability to have the judgment or order enforced against him on the ground that by reason of facts and matters particular to his case he is entitled to be exempted from such liability.

The Court hearing an application for the grant of leave under paragraph (3) may order the question whether the judgment or order is enforceable against the person against whom the application is made to be tried and determined in any manner in which any issue or question in an action may be tried and determined.

In any proceedings concerning—

the Court, if satisfied that it is expedient so to do, and that one or more of the conditions specified in paragraph (2) are satisfied, may appoint one or more persons to represent any person (including an unborn person) or class who is or may be interested (whether presently or for any future, contingent or unascertained interest) in or affected by the proceedings.

The conditions for the exercise of the power conferred by paragraph (1) are as follows—

Where in any proceedings to which paragraph (1) applies, the Court exercises the power conferred by that paragraph, a judgment or order of the Court given or made when the person or persons appointed in exercise of that power are before the Court shall be binding on the person or class represented by the person or persons so appointed.

Where, in any such proceedings, a compromise is proposed and some of the persons who are interested in, or who may be affected by, the compromise are not parties to the proceedings (including unborn or unascertained persons) but—

the Court, if satisfied that the compromise will be for the benefit of the absent persons and that it is expedient to exercise this power, may approve the compromise and order that it shall be binding on the absent persons, and they shall be bound accordingly except where the order has been obtained by fraud or non-disclosure of material facts.

At any stage in an action to which this rule applies, the Court may, on the application of any party or of its own motion, direct that notice of the action be served on any person who is not a party thereto but who will or may be affected by any judgment given therein.

An application under this rule may be made ex parte and shall be supported by an affidavit stating the grounds of the application.

Every notice of an action under this rule shall be in Form No. 52 in Appendix A and the copy to be served shall be a sealed copy and accompanied by a copy of the originating summons or writ and of all other pleadings served in the action, and by a form of acknowledgment of service in Form No. 14 or 15 in Appendix A with such modifications as may be appropriate.

A person may, within 14 days of service on him of a notice under this rule, acknowledge service of the writ or originating summons and shall thereupon become a party to the action, but in default of such acknowledgment and subject to paragraph (5) he shall be bound by any judgment given in the action as if he was a party thereto.

If at any time after service of such notice on any person the writ or originating summons is amended so as substantially to alter the relief claimed, the Court may direct that the judgment shall not bind such person unless a further notice together with a copy of the amended writ or originating summons is issued and served upon him under this rule.

This rule applies to any action relating to—

Order 6, rule 7(3) and (5) shall apply in relation to a notice of an action under this rule as if the notice were a writ and the person by whom the notice is issued were the plaintiff.

Any proceedings, including proceedings to enforce a security by foreclosure or otherwise, may be brought by or against trustees, executors or administrators in their capacity as such without joining any of the persons having a beneficial interest in the trust or estate, as the case may be; and any judgment or order given or made in those proceedings shall be binding on those persons unless the Court in the same or other proceedings otherwise orders on the ground that the trustees, executors or administrators, as the case may be, could not or did not in fact represent the interests of those persons in the first-mentioned proceedings.

Paragraph (1) is without prejudice to the power of the Court to order any person having such an interest as aforesaid to be made a party to the proceedings or to make an order under rule 13.

Where in any proceedings it appears to the Court that a deceased person was interested in the matter in question in the proceedings and that he has no personal representative, the Court may, on the application of any party to the proceedings, proceed in the absence of a person representing the estate of the deceased person or may by order appoint a person to represent that estate for the purposes of the proceedings; and any such order, and any judgment or order subsequently given or made in the proceedings, shall bind the estate of the deceased person to the same extent as it would have been bound had a personal representative of that person been a party to the proceedings.

Before making an order under this rule, the Court may require notice of the application for the order to be given to such (if any) of the persons having an interest in the estate as it thinks fit.

Where in any action a defendant who has given notice of intention to defend—

then, subject to paragraph (2), the defendant may issue a notice in Form No. 20 or 21 in Appendix A, whichever is appropriate (in this Order referred to as a third party notice), containing a statement of the nature of the claim made against him and, as the case may be, either of the nature and grounds of the claim made by him or of the question or issue required to be determined.

A defendant to an action may not issue a third party notice without the leave of the Court unless the action was begun by writ and he issues the notice before serving his defence on the plaintiff.

Where a third party notice is served on the person against whom it is issued, he shall as from the time of service be a party to the action (in this Order referred to as a third party) with the same rights in respect of his defence against any claim made against him in the notice and otherwise as if he had been duly sued in the ordinary way by the defendant by whom the notice is issued.

Application for leave to issue a third party notice may be made ex parte but the Court may direct a summons for leave to be issued.

An application for leave to issue a third party notice must be supported by an affidavit stating—

The order granting leave to issue a third party notice may contain directions as to the period within which the notice is to be issued.

There must be served with every third party notice a copy of the writ or originating summons by which the action was begun and of the pleadings (if any) served in the action and a form of acknowledgment of service in Form No. 14 in Appendix A with such modifications as may be appropriate.

The appropriate office for acknowledging service of a third party notice is the Registry.

Subject to the foregoing provisions of this rule, the following provisions of these rules, namely, Order 6, rule 7(3) and (5), Order 10, Order 11, Order 12 and Order 75, rule 4, shall apply in relation to a third party notice and to the proceedings begun thereby as if—

Provided that in the application of Order 11, rule 1(1)(c) leave may be granted to serve a third party notice outside the jurisdiction on any necessary or proper party to the proceedings brought against the defendant.

If the third party gives notice of intention to defend, the defendant who issued the third party notice must, by summons to be served on all the other parties to the action, apply to the Court for directions.

If no summons is served on the third party under paragraph (1), the third party may, not earlier than 7 days after giving notice of intention to defend, by summons to be served on all the other parties to the action, apply to the Court for directions or for an order to set aside the third party notice.

On an application for directions under this rule the Court may—

and may do so either before or after any judgment in the action has been signed by the plaintiff against the defendant.

On an application for directions under this rule the Court may give the third party leave to defend the action, either alone or jointly with any defendant, upon such terms as may be just, or to appear at the trial and to take such part therein as may be just, and generally may make such orders and give such directions as appear to the Court proper for having the rights and liabilities of the parties most conveniently determined and enforced and as to the extent to which the third party is to be bound by any judgment or decision in the action.

Any order made or direction given under this rule may be varied or rescinded by the Court at any time.

If a third party does not give notice of intention to defend or, having been ordered to serve a defence, fails to do so—

If a third party or the defendant by whom a third party notice was issued makes default in serving any pleading which he is ordered to serve, the Court may, on the application by summons of that defendant or the third party, as the case may be, order such judgment to be entered for the applicant as he is entitled to on the pleadings or may make such other order as may appear to the Court necessary to do justice between the parties.

The Court may at any time set aside or vary a judgment entered under paragraph (1)(b) or paragraph (2) on such terms (if any) as it thinks just.

Where in any action a defendant has served a third party notice, the Court may at or after the trial of the action or, if the action is decided otherwise than by trial, on an application by summons, order such judgment as the nature of the case may require to be entered for the defendant against the third party or for the third party against the defendant. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

Where judgment is given for the payment of any contribution or indemnity to a person who is under a liability to make a payment in respect of the same debt or damage, execution shall not issue on the judgment without the leave of the Court until that liability has been discharged.

For the purpose of paragraph (2)—

Where in any action a defendant who has given notice of intention to defend—

then, subject to paragraph (2), the defendant may, without leave, issue and serve on that person a notice containing a statement of the nature and grounds of his claim or, as the case may be, of the question or issue required to be determined.

Where a defendant makes such a claim as is mentioned in paragraph (1) and that claim could be made by him by counterclaim in the action, paragraph (1) shall not apply in relation to the claim.

No acknowledgment of service of such a notice shall be necessary if the person on whom it is served has acknowledged service of the writ or originating summons in the action or is a plaintiff therein, and the same procedure shall be adopted for the determination between the defendant by whom, and the person on whom, such a notice is served of the claim, question or issue stated in the notice as would be appropriate under this Order if the person served with the notice were a third party and (where he has given notice of intention to defend the action or is a plaintiff) had given notice of intention to defend the claim, question or issue.

Rule 4(2) shall have effect in relation to proceedings on a notice issued under this rule as if for the words “7 days after giving notice of intention to defend” there were substituted the words “14 days after service of the notice on him”.

Where a defendant has served a third party notice and the third party makes such a claim or requirement as is mentioned in rule 1 or rule 8, this Order shall, with the modification mentioned in paragraph (2) and any other necessary modifications, apply as if the third party were a defendant; and similarly where any further person to whom by virtue of this rule this Order applies as if he were a third party makes such a claim or requirement.

The modification referred to in paragraph (1) is that paragraph (3) shall have effect in relation to the issue of a notice under rule 1 by a third party in substitution for rule 1 (2).

A third party may not issue a notice under rule 1 without the leave of the Court unless the action in question was begun by writ and he issues the notice before the expiration of 14 days after the time limited for acknowledging service of the notice issued against him.

If, at any time after he has acknowledged service, a party to an action who stands to be held liable in the action to another party to contribute towards any debt or damages which may be recovered against that other party in the action, makes (without prejudice to his defence) a written offer to that other party to contribute to a specified extent to the debt or damages, then subject to paragraph (2) and, notwithstanding that he reserves the right to bring the offer to the action of the judge at the trial, the offer shall not be brought to the attention of the judge until after all questions of liability and amount of debt or damages have been decided.

Where the question of the costs of the issue of liability falls to be decided, that issue having been tried and an issue or question concerning the amount of the debt or damages remaining to be tried separately, any party may bring to the attention of the judge the fact that a written offer under paragraph (1) has or has not been made and the date (but not the amount) of such offer or of the first such offer if more than one.

Where—

the person under liability as mentioned in sub-paragraph (a), or (subject to rule 2) the bailiff, may apply to the Court for relief by way of interpleader.

References in this Order to a bailiff shall be construed as including references to any other officer charged with the execution of process by or under the authority of the Court of First Instance.

Any person making a claim to or in respect of any money, goods or chattels taken or intended to be taken in execution under process of the Court, or to the proceeds or value of any such goods or chattels, must give notice of his claim to the bailiff charged with the execution of the process and must include in his notice a statement of his address, and that address shall be his address for service.

On receipt of a claim made under this rule the bailiff must forthwith give notice thereof to the execution creditor and the execution creditor must, within 7 days after receiving the notice, give notice to the bailiff informing him whether he admits or disputes the claim.

An execution creditor who gives notice in accordance with this paragraph admitting a claim shall only be liable to the bailiff for any fees and expenses incurred by the bailiff before receipt of that notice.

Where—

the bailiff may apply to the Court for relief under this Order.

A bailiff who receives a notice from an execution creditor under paragraph (2) admitting a claim made under this rule shall withdraw from possession of the money, goods or chattels claimed and may apply to the Court for relief under this Order of the following kind, that is to say, an order restraining the bringing of an action against him for or in respect of his having taken possession of that money or those goods or chattels.

An application for relief under this Order may be made by originating summons unless made in a pending action, in which case it must be made by summons in the action. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

Where the applicant is a bailiff who has withdrawn from possession of money, goods or chattels taken in execution and who is applying for relief under rule 2(4), the summons must be served on any person who made a claim under that rule to or in respect of that money or those goods or chattels, and that person may attend the hearing of the application.

An originating summons under this rule shall be in Form No. 10 in Appendix A.

Subject to paragraph (5), a summons under this rule must be supported by evidence that the applicant—

Where the applicant is a bailiff, he shall not provide such evidence as is referred to in paragraph (4) unless directed by the Court to do so.

Any person who makes a claim under rule 2 and who is served with a summons under this rule shall within 14 days serve on the execution creditor and the bailiff an affidavit specifying any money and describing any goods and chattels claimed and setting out the grounds upon which such claim is based.

Where the applicant is a bailiff a summons under this rule must give notice of the requirement in paragraph (6).

Where on the hearing of a summons under this Order all the persons by whom adverse claims to the subject-matter in dispute (hereafter in this Order referred to as the claimants) appear, the Court may order—

Where—

the Court may summarily determine the question at issue between the claimants and make an order accordingly on such terms as may be just.

Where a claimant, having been duly served with a summons for relief under this Order, does not appear on the hearing of the summons or, having appeared, fails or refuses to comply with an order made in the proceedings, the Court may make an order declaring the claimant, and all persons claiming under him, for ever barred from prosecuting his claim against the applicant for such relief and all persons claiming under him, but such an order shall not affect the rights of the claimants as between themselves.

Order 35 shall, with the necessary modifications, apply to the trial of an interpleader issue as it applies to the trial of an action.

The Court by whom an interpleader issue is tried may give such judgment or make such order as finally to dispose of all questions arising in the interpleader proceedings.

Subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), a defendant who gives notice of intention to defend an action must, unless the Court gives leave to the contrary, serve a defence on every other party to the action who may be affected thereby before the expiration of 28 days after the time limited for acknowledging service of the writ or after the statement of claim is served on him, whichever is the later. (L.N. 383 of 1996)

If a summons under Order 14, rule 1, or under Order 86, rule 1, is served on a defendant before he serves his defence, paragraph (1) shall not have effect in relation to him unless by the order made on the summons he is given leave to defend the action and, in that case, shall have effect as if it required him to serve his defence within 28 days after the making of the order or within such other period as may be specified therein.

Where an application is made by a defendant under Order 12, rule 8(1) or (2), paragraph (1) shall not have effect in relation to him unless the application is dismissed or no order is made on the application and, in that case, shall have effect as if it required him to serve his defence within 28 days after the final determination of the application or within such other period as may be specified by the Court. (L.N. 383 of 1996)

A plaintiff on whom a defendant serves a defence must serve a reply on that defendant if it is needed for compliance with rule 8; and if no reply is served, rule 14(1) will apply.

A plaintiff on whom a defendant serves a counterclaim must, if he intends to defend it, serve on that defendant a defence to counterclaim.

Where a plaintiff serves both a reply and a defence to counterclaim on any defendant, he must include them in the same document.

A reply to any defence must be served by the plaintiff before the expiration of 28 days after the service on him of that defence, and a defence to counterclaim must be served by the plaintiff before the expiration of 28 days after the service on him of the counterclaim to which it relates. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

Subject to Order 3, rule 5(3) and subject to the provisions of this rule, every pleading and originating process shall be filed in the Registry within the time during which that pleading or originating process may be served by him on any other party.

A party may apply to the court for further time to file a pleading or originating process on a summons stating the further time required.

If a party fails to file a pleading or originating process within the time allowed under paragraph (1) or further time allowed under paragraph (2), he shall not be at liberty to file that pleading or originating process without the leave of the Court.

Every pleading in an action must bear on its face—

Every pleading must, if necessary, be divided into paragraphs numbered consecutively, each allegation being so far as convenient contained in a separate paragraph.

Dates, sums and other numbers must be expressed in a pleading in figures and not in words.

Every pleading must be indorsed—

Every pleading must be signed by counsel, if settled by him, and, if not, by the party’s solicitor or by the party, if he sues or defends in person.

Subject to the provisions of this rule and rules 7A, 10, 11 and 12, every pleading must contain, and contain only, a statement in a summary form of the material facts on which the party pleading relies for his claim or defence, as the case may be, but not the evidence by which those facts are to be proved, and the statement must be as brief as the nature of the case admits.

Without prejudice to paragraph (1), the effect of any document or the purport of any conversation referred to in the pleading must, if material, be briefly stated, and the precise words of the document or conversation must not be stated, except in so far as those words are themselves material.

A party need not plead any fact if it is presumed by law to be true or the burden of disproving it lies on the other party, unless the other party has specifically denied it in his pleading.

A statement that a thing has been done or that an event has occurred, being a thing or event the doing or occurrence of which, as the case may be, constitutes a condition precedent necessary for the case of a party is to be implied in his pleading.

If in any action which is to be tried with pleadings any party intends, in reliance on section 62 of the Evidence Ordinance (Cap. 8) (convictions as evidence in civil proceedings) to adduce evidence that a person was convicted of an offence by or before a court in Hong Kong, he must include in his pleading a statement of his intention with particulars of—

If in any action which is to be tried with pleadings any party intends, in reliance on section 63 of the Evidence Ordinance (Cap. 8) (findings of adultery as evidence in civil proceedings) to adduce evidence that a person was found guilty of adultery in matrimonial proceedings, he must include in his pleading a statement of his intention with particulars of—

Where a party’s pleading includes such a statement as is mentioned in paragraph (1) or (2), then if the opposite party—

he must make the denial or allegation in his pleading.

A party must in any pleading subsequent to a statement of claim plead specifically any matter, for example, performance, release, any relevant statute of limitation, fraud or any fact showing illegality—

Without prejudice to paragraph (1), a defendant to an action for recovery of land must plead specifically every ground of defence on which he relies, and a plea that he is in possession of the land by himself or his tenant is not sufficient.

A claim for exemplary damages or for provisional damages must be specifically pleaded together with the facts on which the party pleading relies.

A party must plead specifically any claim for interest under section 48 of the Ordinance or otherwise.

A party shall not in any pleading make any allegation of fact, or raise any new ground of claim, inconsistent with a previous pleading of his.

Paragraph (1) shall not be taken as prejudicing the right of a party to amend, or apply for leave to amend, his previous pleading so as to plead the allegations or claims in the alternative.

Subject to paragraph (2), every pleading must contain the necessary particulars of any claim, defence or other matter pleaded including, without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing—

Subject to paragraph (1B), a plaintiff in an action for personal injuries shall serve with his statement of claim—

Where the documents to which paragraph (1A) applies are not served with the statement of claim, the Court may—

For the purposes of this rule—

Where it is necessary to give particulars of debt, expenses or damages and those particulars exceed 3 folios, they must be set out in a separate document referred to in the pleading and the pleading must state whether the document has already been served, and, if so, when, or is to be served with the pleading.

The Court may order a party to serve on any other party particulars of any claim, defence or other matter stated in his pleading, or in any affidavit of his ordered to stand as a pleading, or a statement of the nature of the case on which he relies, and the order may be made on such terms as the Court thinks just.

The Court may make an order under paragraph (3) upon the application of a party or of its own motion. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

No order shall be made under paragraph (3) unless the Court is of the opinion that the order is necessary either for disposing fairly of the cause or matter or for saving costs. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

Where a party alleges as a fact that a person had knowledge or notice of some fact, matter or thing, then, without prejudice to the generality of paragraph (3), the Court may, on such terms as it thinks just, order that party to serve on any other party—

An order under this rule shall not be made before service of the defence unless, in the opinion of the Court, the order is necessary or desirable to enable the defendant to plead or for some other special reason.

Where the applicant for an order under this rule did not apply by letter for the particulars he requires, the Court may refuse to make the order unless of opinion that there were sufficient reasons for an application by letter not having been made.

Where particulars are given pursuant to a request, or order of the Court, the request or order shall be incorporated with the particulars, each item of the particulars following immediately after the corresponding item of the request or order.

Subject to paragraph (6), an allegation of fact made by a party in his pleading is deemed to be admitted by the opposite party unless it is traversed by that party in his pleading or a joinder of issue under rule 14 operates as a non-admission of it. (L.N. 403 of 1992; L.N. 152 of 2008)

Subject to paragraph (5), a traverse may be made either by a denial or by a statement of non-admission and either expressly or by necessary implication. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

Every allegation of fact made in a statement of claim or counterclaim which the party on whom it is served does not intend to admit must be specifically traversed by him in his defence or defence to counterclaim, as the case may be; and a general denial of such allegations, or a general statement of non-admission of them, is not a sufficient traverse of them. (L.N. 403 of 1992)

(Repealed L.N. 403 of 1992)

Where an allegation made in a statement of claim or counterclaim is traversed by a denial, the party who denies the allegation shall in his defence or defence to counterclaim—

A party who—

is to be taken to require that allegation to be proved. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

If there is no reply to a defence, there is an implied joinder of issue on that defence.

Subject to paragraph (3)—

There can be no joinder of issue, implied or expressed, on a statement of claim or counterclaim.

A joinder of issue operates as a non-admission of every material allegation of fact made in the pleading on which there is an implied or expressed joinder of issue unless, in the case of an expressed joinder of issue, any such allegation is excepted from the joinder and is stated to be admitted, in which case the expressed joinder of issue operates as a non-admission of every other such allegation. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

A statement of claim must state specifically the relief or remedy which the plaintiff claims; but costs need not be specifically claimed.

A statement of claim must not contain any allegation or claim in respect of a cause of action unless that cause of action is mentioned in the writ or arises from facts which are the same as, or include or form part of, facts giving rise to a cause of action so mentioned; but subject to that, a plaintiff may in his statement of claim alter, modify or extend any claim made by him in the endorsement of the writ without amending the endorsement.

Every statement of claim must bear on its face a statement of the date on which the writ in the action was issued.

The Court may, either of its own motion or on application, at any stage of the proceedings order to be struck out or amended any pleading or the indorsement of any writ in the action, or anything in any pleading or in the indorsement, on the ground that— (L.N. 152 of 2008)

and may order the action to be stayed or dismissed or judgment to be entered accordingly, as the case may be.

No evidence shall be admissible on an application under paragraph (1)(a).

This rule shall, so far as applicable, apply to an originating summons and a petition as if the summons or petition, as the case may be, were a pleading.

The pleadings in an action are deemed to be closed—

The pleadings in an action are deemed to be closed at the time provided by paragraph (1) notwithstanding that any request or order for particulars has been made but has not been complied with at that time.

A pleading and the particulars of a pleading specified in paragraph (2) must be verified by a statement of truth in accordance with Order 41A.

The particulars of a pleading referred to in paragraph (1) are particulars given by a party to any other party, whether voluntarily or pursuant to—

Where in an action to which this rule applies any defendant has given notice of intention to defend in the action, the plaintiff or that defendant may apply to the Court by summons for an order that the action shall be tried without pleadings or further pleadings, as the case may be.

If, on the hearing of an application under this rule, the Court is satisfied that the issues in dispute between the parties can be defined without pleadings or further pleadings, or that for any other reason the action can properly be tried without pleadings or further pleadings, as the case may be, the Court shall order the action to be so tried, and may direct the parties to prepare a statement of the issues in dispute or, if the parties are unable to agree such a statement, may settle the statement itself.

Where the Court makes an order under paragraph (2), it shall, and where it dismisses an application for such an order, it may, give such directions as to the further conduct of the action as may be appropriate, and Order 25, rules 2 to 7 shall, with the omission of so much of rule 7(1) as requires parties to serve a notice specifying the orders and directions which they desire and with any other necessary modifications, apply as if the application under this rule were a case management summons. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

This rule applies to every action begun by writ other than one which includes—

Where the plaintiff’s claim against a defendant is for a liquidated demand only, then, if that defendant fails to serve a defence on the plaintiff, the plaintiff may, after the expiration of the period fixed by or under these rules for service of the defence, enter final judgment against that defendant for a sum not exceeding that claimed by the writ in respect of the demand and for costs, and proceed with the action against the other defendants, if any. (See App. A, Form 39)

Order 13, rule 1(2) shall apply for the purpose of this rule as it applies for the purposes of that rule.

Where the plaintiff’s claim against a defendant relates to the detention of goods only, then, if that defendant fails to serve a defence on the plaintiff, the plaintiff may, after the expiration of the period fixed by or under these rules for the service of the defence and subject to Order 42, rule 1A,—

and in any case proceed with the action against the other defendants, if any. (See App. A, Form 41)

A summons under paragraph (1)(b) must be supported by affidavit and, notwithstanding Order 65, rule 9, the summons and a copy of the affidavit must be served on the defendant against whom judgment is sought.

Where the plaintiff’s claim against a defendant is for possession of land only, then, if that defendant fails to serve a defence on the plaintiff, the plaintiff may, after the expiration of the period fixed by or under these rules for service of the defence, and on producing a certificate by his solicitor, or (if he sues in person) an affidavit, stating that he is not claiming any relief in the action of the nature specified in Order 88, rule 1, enter judgment for possession of the land as against that defendant and for costs, and proceed with the action against the other defendants, if any. (See App. A, Form 42)

Where there is more than one defendant, judgment entered under this rule shall not be enforced against any defendant unless and until judgment for possession of the land has been entered against all the defendants.

Where the plaintiff makes against a defendant or defendants a claim of a description not mentioned in rules 2 to 5, then, if the defendant or all the defendants (where there is more than one) fails or fail to serve a defence on the plaintiff, the plaintiff may, after the expiration of the period fixed by or under these rules for service of the defence, apply to the Court for judgment, and on the hearing of the application the Court shall give such judgment as the plaintiff appears entitled to on his statement of claim.

Where the plaintiff makes such a claim as is mentioned in paragraph (1) against more than one defendant, then, if one of the defendants makes default as mentioned in that paragraph, the plaintiff may—

An application under paragraph (1) must be by summons.

No party shall enter judgment under the provisions of this Order against a party who has filed an acknowledgment of service giving notice of intention to defend, or on a counterclaim, unless—

This rule shall not apply where—

(L.N. 223 of 1995)

Subject to paragraph (3), the plaintiff may, without the leave of the Court, amend the writ once at any time before the pleadings in the action begun by the writ are deemed to be closed.

Where a writ is amended under this rule after service thereof, then, unless the Court otherwise directs on an application made ex parte, the amended writ must be served on each defendant to the action.

This rule shall not apply in relation to an amendment which consists of—

unless the amendment is made before service of the writ on any party to the action.

Subject to paragraph (2), a party may not amend his acknowledgment of service without leave of the Court.

A party whose acknowledgment of service contains a statement to the effect that—

intend to contest the proceedings to which the acknowledgement relates may, without the leave of the Court, amend the acknowledgment by substituting for that statement a statement to the opposite effect, provided that in a case falling under sub-paragraph (b) the amendment is made before judgment has been obtained in the proceedings.

Where an acknowledgment of service is authorized to be amended under this rule, a fresh acknowledgment, amended as so authorized, must be handed in at or sent by post to the Registry, and Order 12, rule 4, shall apply.

A party may, without the leave of the Court, amend any pleading of his once at any time before the pleadings are deemed to be closed and, where he does so, he must serve the amended pleading on the opposite party.

Where an amended statement of claim is served on a defendant—

Where an amended defence is served on the plaintiff by a defendant—

In paragraphs (2) and (3) references to a defence and a reply include references to a counterclaim and a defence to counter-claim respectively.

Where an amended counterclaim is served by a defendant on a party (other than the plaintiff) against whom the counterclaim is made, paragraph (2) shall apply as if the counterclaim were a statement of claim and as if the party by whom the counterclaim is made were the plaintiff and the party against whom it is made a defendant.

Where a party has pleaded to a pleading which is subsequently amended and served on him under paragraph (1), then, if that party does not amend his pleading under the foregoing provisions of this rule, he shall be taken to reply on it in answer to the amended pleading, and Order 18, rule 14(2), shall have effect in such a case as if the amended pleading had been served at the time when that pleading, before its amendment under paragraph (1), was served.

Within 14 days after the service on a party of a writ amended under rule 1 (1) or of a pleading amended under rule 3(1), that party may apply to the Court to disallow the amendment.

Where the Court hearing an application under this rule is satisfied that if an application for leave to make the amendment in question had been made under rule 5 at the date when the amendment was made under rule 1(1) or rule 3(1) leave to make the amendment or part of the amendment would have been refused, it shall order the amendment or that part to be struck out.

Any order made on an application under this rule may be made on such terms as to costs or otherwise as the Court thinks just.

Subject to Order 15, rules 6, 7 and 8 and the following provisions of this rule, the Court may at any stage of the proceedings allow the plaintiff to amend his writ, or any party to amend his pleadings, on such terms as to costs or otherwise as may be just and in such manner (if any) as it may direct.

Where an application to the Court for leave to make the amendment mentioned in paragraph (3), (4) or (5) is made after any relevant period of limitation current at the date of issue of the writ has expired, the Court may nevertheless grant such leave in the circumstances mentioned in that paragraph if it thinks it just to do so.

An amendment to correct the name of a party may be allowed under paragraph (2) notwithstanding that it is alleged that the effect of the amendment will be to substitute a new party if the Court is satisfied that the mistake sought to be corrected was a genuine mistake and was not misleading or such as to cause any reasonable doubt as to the identity of the person intending to sue or, as the case may be, intended to be sued.

An amendment to alter the capacity in which a party sues may be allowed under paragraph (2) if the new capacity is one which that party had at the date of the commencement of the proceedings or has since acquired.

An amendment may be allowed under paragraph (2) notwithstanding that the effect of the amendment will be to add or substitute a new cause of action if the new cause of action arises out of the same facts or substantially the same facts as a cause of action in respect of which relief has already been claimed in the action by the party applying for leave to make the amendment.

For the purpose of determining the real question in controversy between the parties to any proceedings, or of correcting any defect or error in any proceedings, the Court may at any stage of the proceedings and either of its own motion or on the application of any party to the proceedings order a pleading or any other document in the proceedings to be amended on such terms as to costs or otherwise as may be just and in such manner (if any) as it may direct. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

The Court shall not under paragraph (1) order a pleading to be amended unless it is of the opinion that the order is necessary either for disposing fairly of the cause or matter or for saving costs. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

This rule shall not have effect in relation to a judgment or order.

Where the Court makes an order under this Order giving any party leave to amend a writ, pleading or other document, then, if that party does not amend the document in accordance with the order before the expiration of the period specified for that purpose in the order or, if no period is so specified, of a period of 14 days after the order was made, the order shall cease to have effect, without prejudice, however, to the power of the Court to extend the period. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

Paragraph (1) is subject to any directions given by the Court. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

Where the amendments authorized under any rule of this Order to be made in a writ, pleading or other document are so numerous or of such nature or length that to make written alterations of the document so as to give effect to them would make it difficult or inconvenient to read, a fresh document, amended as so authorized, must be prepared and, in the case of a writ or originating summons, re-issued, but, except as aforesaid and subject to any direction given under rule 5, or 8, the amendments so authorized may be effected by making in writing the necessary alterations of the document and in the case of a writ or originating summons, causing it to be resealed and filing a copy.

A writ, pleading or other document which has been amended under this Order must be indorsed with a statement that it has been amended, specifying the date on which it was amended, the name of the Judge, master or Registrar by whom the order (if any) authorizing the amendment was made and the date thereof, or, if no such order was made, the number of the rule of this Order in pursuance of which the amendment was made.

Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Order any pleading in any cause or matter may, by written agreement between the parties, be amended at any stage of the proceedings.

This rule shall not have effect in relation to an amendment which consists of the addition, omission or substitution of a party.

An amendment to a pleading or to the particulars of a pleading specified in paragraph (2) must be verified by a statement of truth in accordance with Order 41A.

The particulars of a pleading referred to in paragraph (1) are the particulars given by a party to any other party, whether voluntarily or pursuant to—

Subject to paragraph (2A) the plaintiff in an action begun by writ may, without the leave of the Court, discontinue the action, or withdraw any particular claim made by him therein, as against any or all of the defendants at any time not later than 14 days after service of the defence on him or, if there are two or more defendants, of the defence last served, by serving a notice to that effect on the defendant concerned.

Subject to paragraph (2A) a defendant to an action begun by writ may, without the leave of the Court—

by serving a notice to that effect on the plaintiff or other party concerned.

A party in whose favour an interim payment has been ordered, in accordance with Order 29, may not discontinue any action or counterclaim, or withdraw any particular claim therein, except with the leave of the Court or the consent of all the other parties.

Where there are two or more defendants to an action begun by writ not all of whom serve a defence on the plaintiff, and the period fixed by or under these rules for service by any of those defendants of his defence expires after the latest date on which any other defendant serves his defence, paragraph (1) shall have effect as if the reference therein to the service of the defence last served were a reference to the expiration of that period.

This paragraph shall apply in relation to a counterclaim as it applies in relation to an action begun by writ with the substitution for references to a defence, to the plaintiff and to paragraph (1), of references to a defence to counterclaim, to the defendant and to paragraph (2) respectively.

The plaintiff in an action begun by originating summons may, without the leave of the Court, discontinue the action or withdraw any particular question or claim in the originating summons, as against any or all of the defendants at any time not later than 14 days after service on him of the defendant’s affidavit evidence filed pursuant to Order 28, rule 1A(2) or, if there are two or more defendants, of such evidence last served, by serving a notice to that effect on the defendant concerned.

When there are two or more defendants to an action begun by originating summons not all of whom serve affidavit evidence on the plaintiff, and the period fixed by or under these rules for service by any of those defendants of his affidavit evidence expires after the latest date on which any other defendant serves his affidavit evidence, paragraph (3A) shall have effect as if the reference therein to the service of the affidavit evidence last served were a reference to the expiration of that period.

If all the parties to an action consent, the action may be withdrawn without the leave of the Court at any time before trial by producing to the Registrar a written consent to the action being withdrawn signed by all the parties.

Except as provided by rule 2, a party may not discontinue an action (whether begun by writ or otherwise) or counter-claim, or withdraw any particular claim made by him therein, without the leave of the Court, and the Court hearing an application for the grant of such leave may order the action or counterclaim to be discontinued, or any particular claim made therein to be struck out, as against any or all of the parties against whom it is brought or made on such terms as to costs, the bringing of a subsequent action or otherwise as it thinks just.

An application for the grant of leave under this rule may be made by summons or by notice under Order 25, rule 7. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

Where a party has discontinued an action or counterclaim or withdrawn any particular claim made by him therein and he is liable to pay any other party’s costs of the action or counterclaim or the costs occasioned to any other party by the claim withdrawn, then, if, before payment of those costs, he subsequently brings an action for the same, or substantially the same, cause of action, the Court may order the proceedings in that action to be stayed until those costs are paid.

An application for an order under this rule may be made by summons or by notice under Order 25, rule 7. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

In this Order—

Where in an action the plaintiff makes more than one claim, a reference in this Order to—

A party to an action containing a money claim or a non-money claim or both arising from any cause or causes of action may make an offer to settle the whole claim, a part of it or any issue arising from it in accordance with this Order.

An offer made under paragraph (1) may take into account any counterclaim or set-off in the action.

An offer made under paragraph (1) has the consequences specified in rules 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24 (as may be applicable).

Nothing in this Order prevents a party from making an offer to settle in whatever way he chooses, but if that offer is not made in accordance with this Order, it does not have the consequences specified in this Order, unless the Court so orders.

An offer by a defendant to settle the whole or part of a claim or an issue arising from the claim does not have the consequences specified in this Order unless it is made by way of a sanctioned offer or a sanctioned payment or both.

Where an offer by a defendant involves a payment of money to the plaintiff, the offer must be made by way of a sanctioned payment.

A sanctioned payment may only be made after the proceedings have commenced.

A sanctioned offer must be in writing.

A sanctioned offer may relate to the whole claim or to part of it or to any issue arising from it.

A sanctioned offer must—

A defendant may make a sanctioned offer limited to accepting liability up to a specified proportion.

A sanctioned offer may be made by reference to an interim payment.

A sanctioned offer may be made at any time after the commencement of the proceedings but may not be made before such commencement.

A sanctioned offer made not less than 28 days before the commencement of the trial must provide that after the expiry of 28 days from the date the sanctioned offer is made, the offeree may only accept it if—

A sanctioned offer made less than 28 days before the commencement of the trial must provide that the offeree may only accept it if—

A sanctioned offer made not less than 28 days before the commencement of the trial may not be withdrawn or diminished before the expiry of 28 days from the date the sanctioned offer is made unless the Court grants leave to withdraw or diminish it.

A sanctioned offer made less than 28 days before the commencement of the trial may be withdrawn or diminished if the Court grants leave to withdraw or diminish it.

If there is subsisting an application to withdraw or diminish a sanctioned offer, the sanctioned offer may not be accepted unless the Court grants leave to accept it.

If the Court dismisses an application to withdraw or diminish a sanctioned offer or grants leave to diminish the sanctioned offer, it may by order specify the period within which the sanctioned offer or diminished sanctioned offer may be accepted.

If a sanctioned offer is withdrawn, it does not have the consequences specified in this Order.

A sanctioned payment may relate to the whole claim or to part of it or to an issue arising from it.

A defendant who makes a sanctioned payment shall file with the Court a notice in Form No. 23 in Appendix A, that—

A sanctioned payment may not be withdrawn or diminished before the expiry of 28 days from the date the sanctioned payment is made unless the Court grants leave to withdraw or diminish it.

If there is subsisting an application to withdraw or diminish a sanctioned payment, the sanctioned payment may not be accepted unless the Court grants leave to accept it.

If the Court dismisses an application to withdraw or diminish a sanctioned payment or grants leave to diminish the sanctioned payment, it may by order specify the period within which the sanctioned payment or diminished sanctioned payment may be accepted.

If a sanctioned payment is withdrawn, it does not have the consequences specified in this Order.

A defendant may make a sanctioned payment in respect of a claim that includes a claim for provisional damages.

Where the defendant makes a sanctioned payment under paragraph (1), the sanctioned payment notice must specify whether or not the defendant is offering to agree to the making of an award of provisional damages.

Where the defendant is offering to agree to the making of an award of provisional damages, the sanctioned payment notice must also state—

Where a sanctioned payment is—

the sanctioned payment has the consequences specified in rule 20, unless the Court orders otherwise.

If the plaintiff accepts the sanctioned payment he must, within 7 days of doing so, apply to the Court for an order for an award of provisional damages under Order 37, rule 8.

The money in court may not be paid out unless the Court has disposed of the application made under paragraph (5).

A sanctioned offer is made when it is served on the offeree.

A sanctioned payment is made when a sanctioned payment notice is served on the offeree.

An amendment to a sanctioned offer is effective when its details are served on the offeree.

An amendment to a sanctioned payment is effective when notice of the amendment is served on the offeree.

A sanctioned offer or a sanctioned payment is accepted when notice of its acceptance is served on the offeror.

Where there is more than one defendant, a defendant who serves on the plaintiff a notice of acceptance of the plaintiff’s sanctioned offer shall at the same time serve a copy of the notice on the other defendant or defendants.

A defendant on whom a copy of the notice has been served may within 14 days after the service apply to the Court for—

No application may be made under paragraph (2) after the expiry of the 14-day period referred to in that paragraph.

The offeree may, within 7 days of a sanctioned offer or a sanctioned payment being made, request the offeror to clarify the offer or payment notice.

If the offeror does not give the clarification requested under paragraph (1) within 7 days of service of the request, the offeree may, unless the trial has commenced, apply for an order that he does so.

If the Court makes an order pursuant to an application made under paragraph (2), it shall specify the date when the sanctioned offer or sanctioned payment is to be treated as having been made.

Where a cause of action under the Fatal Accidents Ordinance (Cap. 22) and a cause of action under Part IV or IVA of the Law Amendment and Reform (Consolidation) Ordinance (Cap. 23) are joined in an action, with or without any other cause of action, the plaintiff is not entitled under paragraph (1) to request the defendant to make an apportionment of the sanctioned payment between the causes of action under those Ordinances.

Subject to rules 7(3) and 10(2), a plaintiff may accept a sanctioned offer or a sanctioned payment made not less than 28 days before the commencement of the trial without requiring the leave of the Court if he files with the Court and serves on the defendant a written notice of acceptance not later than 28 days after the offer or payment was made.

If—

then the plaintiff may—

Where the leave of the Court is required under paragraph (2), the Court shall, if it grants leave, make an order as to costs.

A notice of acceptance of a sanctioned payment must be in Form No. 24 in Appendix A.

Subject to rule 7(3), a defendant may accept a sanctioned offer made not less than 28 days before the commencement of the trial without requiring the leave of the Court if he files with the Court and serves on the plaintiff a written notice of acceptance not later than 28 days after the offer was made.

If—

then the defendant may—

Where the leave of the Court is required under paragraph (2), the Court shall, if it grants leave, make an order as to costs.

This rule applies where the plaintiff wishes to accept a sanctioned offer or a sanctioned payment made by one or more, but not all, of a number of defendants.

If the defendants are sued jointly or in the alternative, the plaintiff may accept the offer or payment without requiring the leave of the Court in accordance with rule 15(1) if—

If the plaintiff alleges that the defendants have a several liability to him, the plaintiff may—

In all other cases the plaintiff shall apply to the Court for—

Where a sanctioned offer or a sanctioned payment is made in proceedings to which Order 80, rule 10 (Compromise, etc., by person under disability) applies—

Where the Court grants leave to a plaintiff to accept a sanctioned offer or a sanctioned payment after the trial has commenced—

Where a plaintiff accepts a sanctioned payment after a defence of tender before action has been put forward by the defendant, the money in court may not be paid out except in pursuance of an order of the Court.

Where a plaintiff accepts a sanctioned payment made in satisfaction of—

the money in court may not be paid out except in pursuance of an order of the Court.

Where a defendant’s sanctioned offer or sanctioned payment to settle the whole claim is accepted without requiring the leave of the Court, the plaintiff is entitled to his costs of the proceedings up to the date of serving notice of acceptance, unless the Court otherwise orders.

Where—

the plaintiff is entitled to his costs of the proceedings up to the date of serving notice of acceptance, unless the Court otherwise orders.

The plaintiff’s costs include any costs attributable to the defendant’s counterclaim or set-off if the sanctioned offer or the sanctioned payment notice states that it takes into account the counterclaim or set-off.

Where a plaintiff’s sanctioned offer to settle the whole claim is accepted without requiring the leave of the Court, the plaintiff is entitled to his costs of the proceedings up to the date upon which the defendant serves notice of acceptance, unless the Court otherwise orders.

The plaintiff’s costs include any costs attributable to the defendant’s counterclaim or set-off if the sanctioned offer states that it takes into account the counterclaim or set-off.

If a sanctioned offer or a sanctioned payment relates to the whole claim and is accepted, the claim is stayed.

In the case of acceptance of a sanctioned offer which relates to the whole claim—

If a sanctioned offer or a sanctioned payment which relates only to a part of the claim or an issue arising from the claim is accepted—

If the approval of the Court is required before a settlement can be binding, any stay which would otherwise arise on the acceptance of a sanctioned offer or a sanctioned payment takes effect only when that approval has been given.

Any stay arising under this rule does not affect the power of the Court—

Where—

the party may claim the remedy by applying to the Court without the need to commence new proceedings unless the Court otherwise orders.

This rule applies where a plaintiff—

The Court may by order disallow all or part of any interest otherwise payable under section 48 of the Ordinance on the whole or part of any sum of money awarded to the plaintiff for some or all of the period after the latest date on which the payment or offer could have been accepted without requiring the leave of the Court.

The Court may order the plaintiff to pay any costs incurred by the defendant after the latest date on which the payment or offer could have been accepted without requiring the leave of the Court.

The Court may also order that the defendant is entitled to—

Where this rule applies, the Court shall make the orders referred to in paragraphs (2), (3) and (4) unless it considers it unjust to do so.

In considering whether it would be unjust to make the orders referred to in paragraphs (2), (3) and (4), the Court shall take into account all the circumstances of the case including—

The power of the Court under this rule is in addition to any other power it may have to award or disallow interest.

This rule applies where—

The Court may order interest on the whole or part of any sum of money (excluding interest) awarded to the plaintiff at a rate not exceeding 10% above judgment rate for some or all of the period after the latest date on which the defendant could have accepted the offer without requiring the leave of the Court.

The Court may also order that the plaintiff is entitled to—

Where this rule applies, the Court shall make the orders referred to in paragraphs (2) and (3) unless it considers it unjust to do so.

In considering whether it would be unjust to make the orders referred to in paragraphs (2) and (3), the Court shall take into account all the circumstances of the case including—

The power of the Court under this rule is in addition to any other power it may have to award interest.

A sanctioned offer is treated as “without prejudice save as to costs”.

The fact that a sanctioned payment has been made must not be communicated to the trial judge or the master hearing or determining the action or counterclaim or any question or issue as to the debt or damages until all questions of liability and the amount of money to be awarded have been decided.

Paragraph (2) does not apply—

Unless—

indicates to the contrary, any such offer or payment is to be treated as inclusive of all interest until the last date on which it could be accepted without requiring the leave of the Court.

Where a plaintiff’s sanctioned offer or a sanctioned payment notice is expressed not to be inclusive of interest, the offer or notice must state—

On making any payment into court under an order of the Court or a certificate of a master, the party making the payment shall give notice of the payment in Form No. 25A in Appendix A to every other party to the proceedings.

Unless the Court otherwise orders, a defendant who has paid money into court in pursuance of an order made under Order 14 may—

Any money appropriated in accordance with paragraph (2) is deemed to be—

and this Order applies accordingly.

A notice served on the plaintiff in accordance with paragraph (2)(a) is deemed to be a sanctioned payment notice.

Subject to Order 22, rule 17, any money paid into court in an action (whether or not in accordance with Order 22) may not be paid out except in pursuance of an order of the Court which may be made at any time before, at or after the trial or hearing of the action.

Where an order under paragraph (1) is made before the trial or hearing and the money in court is a sanctioned payment made in accordance with Order 22, the money may not be paid out except—

Where the party entitled to money in court is a person in respect of whom a certificate is or has been in force entitling him to legal aid under the Legal Aid Ordinance (Cap. 91), payment shall be made only to the Director of Legal Aid without the need for any authority from the party.

Subject to paragraph (1), payment shall be made to the party entitled or to his solicitor.

This rule applies whether the money in court has been paid into court under Order 22 or under an order of the Court or a certificate of the Registrar.

Where, on the application of a defendant to an action or other proceeding in the Court of First Instance, it appears to the Court— (25 of 1998 s. 2)

then if, having regard to all the circumstances of the case, the Court thinks it just to do so, it may order the plaintiff to give such security for the defendant’s costs of the action or other proceeding as it thinks just.

The Court shall not require a plaintiff to give security by reason only of paragraph (1)(c) if he satisfies the Court that the failure to state his address or the mis-statement thereof was made innocently and without intention to deceive.

The references in the foregoing paragraphs to a plaintiff and a defendant shall be construed as references to the person (howsoever described on the record) who is in the position of plaintiff or defendant, as the case may be, in the proceeding in question, including a proceeding on a counterclaim.

After the close of pleadings in an action begun by writ there shall, subject to and in accordance with the provisions of this Order, be discovery by the parties to the action of the documents which are or have been in their possession, custody or power relating to matters in question in the action.

Nothing in this Order shall be taken as preventing the parties to an action agreeing to dispense with or limit the discovery of documents which they would otherwise be required to make to each other.

Subject to the provisions of this rule and of rule 4, the parties to an action between whom pleadings are closed must make discovery by exchanging lists of documents and, accordingly, each party must, within 14 days after the pleadings in the action are deemed to be closed as between him and any other party, make and serve on that other party a list of the documents which are or have been in his possession, custody or power relating to any matter in question between them in the action. (L.N. 157 of 2003 and L.N. 199 of 2003)

Without prejudice to any directions given by the Court under Order 16, rule 4, this paragraph shall not apply in third party proceedings, including proceedings under that Order involving fourth or subsequent parties.

Unless the Court otherwise orders, a defendant to an action arising out of an accident on land due to a collision or apprehended collision involving a vehicle shall not make discovery of any documents to the plaintiff under paragraph (1).

Paragraph (1) shall not be taken as requiring a defendant to an action for the recovery of any penalty recoverable by virtue of any written law to make discovery of any documents.

Paragraphs (2) and (3) shall apply in relation to a counterclaim as they apply in relation to an action but with the substitution, for the reference in paragraph (2) to the plaintiff, of a reference to the party making the counterclaim.

On the application of any party required by this rule to make discovery of documents, the Court may—

and the Court shall make such an order if and so far as it is of opinion that discovery is not necessary either for disposing fairly of the action or for saving costs.

An application for an order under paragraph (5) must be by summons, and the summons must be taken out before the expiration of the period within which by virtue of this rule discovery of documents in the action is required to be made.

Any party to whom discovery of documents is required to be made under this rule may, at any time before the case management summons in the action is taken out, serve on the party required to make such discovery a notice requiring him to make an affidavit verifying the list he is required to make under paragraph (1), and the party on whom such a notice is served must, within 14 days after service of the notice, make and file an affidavit in compliance with the notice and serve a copy of the affidavit on the party by whom the notice was served. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

Subject to the provisions of this rule and of rules 4 and 8, the Court may order any party to a cause or matter (whether begun by writ, originating summons or otherwise) to make and serve on any other party a list of the documents which are or have been in his possession, custody or power relating to any matter in question in the cause or matter, and may at the same time or subsequently also order him to make and file an affidavit verifying such a list and to serve a copy thereof on the other party. (L.N. 157 of 2003 and L.N. 199 of 2003)

Where a party who is required by rule 2 to make discovery of documents fails to comply with any provision of that rule, the Court, on the application of any party to whom the discovery was required to be made, may make an order against the first-mentioned party under paragraph (1) of this rule or, as the case may be, may order him to make and file an affidavit verifying the list of documents he is required to make under rule 2 and to serve a copy thereof on the applicant.

An order under this rule may be limited to such documents or classes of document only, or to such only of the matters in question in the cause or matter, as may be specified in the order.

Where on an application for an order under rule 2 or 3 it appears to the Court that any issue or question in the cause or matter should be determined before any discovery of documents is made by the parties, the Court may order that that issue or question be determined first.

Where in an action begun by writ an order is made under this rule for the determination of an issue or question, Order 25, rules 2 to 7, shall, with the omission of so much of rule 7(1) as requires parties to serve a notice specifying the orders and directions which they desire and with any other necessary modifications, apply as if the application on which the order was made were a case management summons. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

A list of documents made in compliance with rule 2 or with an order under rule 3 must be in Form No. 26 in Appendix A, and must enumerate the documents in a convenient order and as shortly as possible but describing each of them or, in the case of bundles of documents of the same nature, each bundle, sufficiently to enable it to be identified.

If it is desired to claim that any documents are privileged from production, the claim must be made in the list of documents with a sufficient statement of the grounds of the privilege.

An affidavit made as aforesaid verifying a list of documents must be in Form No. 27 in Appendix A.

A defendant who has pleaded in an action shall be entitled to have a copy of any list of documents served under any of the foregoing rules of this Order on the plaintiff by any other defendant to the action; and a plaintiff against whom a counterclaim is made in an action begun by writ shall be entitled to have a copy of any list of documents served under any of those rules on the party making the counterclaim by any other defendant to the counterclaim.

A party required by virtue of paragraph (1) to supply a copy of a list of documents must supply it free of charge on a request made by the party entitled to it.

Where in an action begun by originating summons the Court makes an order under rule 3 requiring a defendant to the action to serve a list of documents on the plaintiff, it may also order him to supply any other defendant to the action with a copy of that list.

Subject to rule 8, the Court may at any time, on the application of any party to a cause or matter, make an order requiring any other party to make an affidavit stating whether any document specified or described in the application or any class of document so specified or described is, or has at any time been, in his possession, custody or power, and if not then in his possession, custody or power when he parted with it and what has become of it. (L.N. 157 of 2003 and L.N. 199 of 2003)

An order may be made against a party under this rule notwithstanding that he may already have made or been required to make a list of documents or affidavit under rule 2 or rule 3.

An application for an order under this rule must be supported by an affidavit stating the belief of the deponent that the party from whom discovery is sought under this rule has, or at some time had, in his possession, custody or power the document, or class of document, specified or described in the application and that it relates to one or more of the matters in question in the cause or matter.

An application for an order under section 41 of the Ordinance for the disclosure of documents before the commencement of proceedings shall be made by originating summons (in Form No. 10 in Appendix A) and the person against whom the order is sought shall be made defendant to the summons. (L.N. 404 of 1991)

An application after the commencement of proceedings for an order under section 42(1) of the Ordinance for the disclosure of documents by a person who is not a party to the proceedings shall be made by summons, which must be served on that person personally and on every party to the proceedings other than the applicant.

A summons under paragraph (1) or (2) shall be supported by an affidavit which must—

In the case of a summons under paragraph (1), paragraph (3)(b) shall be construed as if for the word “relevant”, there were substituted the words “directly relevant (within the meaning of section 41 of the Ordinance)”. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

A copy of the supporting affidavit shall be served with the summons on every person on whom the summons is required to be served.

An order under section 41 or 42(1) for the disclosure of documents may be made conditional on the applicant’s giving security for the costs of the person against whom it is made or on such other terms, if any, as the Court thinks just, and shall require the person against whom the order is made to make an affidavit stating whether any documents specified or described in the order are, or at any time have been, in his possession, custody or power and, if not then in his possession, custody or power, when he parted with them and what has become of them.

No person shall be compelled by virtue of such an order to produce any documents which he could not be compelled to produce—

(Repealed L.N. 152 of 2008)

For the purposes of rules 10 and 11 an application for an order under section 41 or 42(1) shall be treated as a cause or matter between the applicant and the person against whom the order is sought.

On the hearing of an application for an order under rule 3 or 7 the Court, if satisfied that discovery is not necessary, or not necessary at that stage of the cause or matter, may dismiss or, as the case may be, adjourn the application and shall in any case refuse to make such an order if and so far as it is of opinion that discovery is not necessary either for disposing fairly of the cause or matter or for saving costs. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

No order for the disclosure of documents shall be made under section 41 or 42 of the Ordinance, unless the Court is of opinion that the order is necessary either for disposing fairly of the cause or matter or for saving costs. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

Any party to a cause or matter shall be entitled at any time to serve a notice on any other party in whose pleadings, affidavits or witness statements served under Order 38, rule 2A, or experts’ reports, reference is made to any document requiring him to produce that document for the inspection of the party giving the notice and to permit him to take copies thereof. (L.N. 223 of 1995; L.N. 383 of 1996)

The party on whom a notice is served under paragraph (1) must, within 4 days after service of the notice, serve on the party giving the notice a notice stating a time within 7 days after the service thereof at which the documents, or such of them as he does not object to produce, may be inspected at a place specified in the notice, and stating which (if any) of the documents he objects to produce and on what grounds.

If a party who is required by rule 9 to serve such a notice as is therein mentioned or who is served with a notice under rule 10(1)—

then, subject to rule 13(1), the Court may, on the application of the party entitled to inspection, make an order for production of the documents in question for inspection at such time and place, and in such manner, as it thinks fit.

Without prejudice to paragraph (1), but subject to rule 13(1), the Court may, on the application of any party to a cause or matter, order any other party to permit the party applying to inspect any documents in the possession, custody or power of that other party relating to any matter in question in the cause or matter.

An application for an order under paragraph (2) must be supported by an affidavit specifying or describing the documents of which inspection is sought and stating the belief of the deponent that they are in the possession, custody or power of the other party and that they relate to a matter in question in the cause or matter.

Any party who is entitled to inspect any documents under any provision of this Order or any order made thereunder may at or before the time when inspection takes place serve on the party who is required to produce such documents for inspection a notice (which shall contain an undertaking to pay the reasonable charges) requiring him to supply a true copy of any such document as is capable of being copied by photographic or similar process.

The party on whom such a notice is served must within 7 days after receipt thereof supply the copy requested together with an account of the reasonable charges.

Where a party fails to supply to another party a copy of any document under paragraph (2), the Court may, on the application of either party, make such order as to the supply of that document as it thinks fit.

At any stage of the proceedings in any cause or matter the Court may, subject to rule 13(1), order any party to produce to the Court any document in his possession, custody or power relating to any matter in question in the cause or matter and the Court may deal with the document when produced in such manner as it thinks fit. (L.N. 157 of 2003 and L.N. 199 of 2003)

(Added L.N. 157 of 2003 and repealed L.N. 199 of 2003)

No order for the production of any documents for inspection or to the Court or for the supply of a copy of any document shall be made under any of the foregoing rules unless the Court is of opinion that the order is necessary either for disposing fairly of the cause or matter or for saving costs.

Where on an application under this Order for production of any document for inspection or to the Court or for the supply of a copy of any document privilege from such production or supply is claimed or objection is made to such production or supply on any other ground, the Court may inspect the document for the purpose of deciding whether the claim or objection is valid.

Where production of any business books for inspection is applied for under any of the foregoing rules, the Court may, instead of ordering production of the original books for inspection, order a copy or any entries therein to be supplied and verified by an affidavit of some person who has examined the copy with the original books.

Any such affidavit shall state whether or not there are in the original book any and what erasures, interlineations or alterations.

Notwithstanding that a copy of any entries in any book has been supplied under this rule, the Court may order production of the book from which the copy was made.

If any party who is required by any of the foregoing rules, or by any order made thereunder, to make discovery of documents or to produce any documents for the purpose of inspection or any other purpose or to supply copies thereof fails to comply with any provision of that rule or with that order, as the case may be, then, without prejudice, in the case of a failure to comply with any such provision, to rules 3(2) and 11(1), the Court may make such order as it thinks just including, in particular, an order that the action be dismissed or, as the case may be, an order that the defence be struck out and judgment be entered accordingly.

If any party against whom an order for discovery or production of documents is made fails to comply with it, then, without prejudice to paragraph (1), he shall be liable to committal.

Service on a party’s solicitor of an order for discovery or production of documents made against that party shall be sufficient service to found an application for committal of the party disobeying the order, but the party may show in answer to the application that he had no notice or knowledge of the order.

A solicitor on whom such an order made against his client is served and who fails without reasonable excuse to give notice thereof to his client shall be liable to committal.

For the purpose of facilitating the giving of directions for the management of a case, each party shall, within 28 days after the pleadings in an action to which this rule applies are deemed to be closed—

Where, upon completion of the questionnaire, the parties are able to reach an agreement on—

they shall procure an order to that effect by way of a consent summons. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

Where there is no agreement on any of the matters specified in paragraph (1A)(a) and (b)—

This rule applies to all actions begun by writ except—

(Repealed L.N. 152 of 2008)

If the plaintiff does not file the questionnaire in accordance with paragraph (1)(b) or take out a case management summons in accordance with paragraph (1B)(b), the defendant or any defendant may—

On an application by a defendant to dismiss the action under paragraph (4) the Court may either dismiss the action on such terms as may be just or deal with the application as if it were a case management summons.

In the case of an action which is proceeding only as respects a counterclaim, references in this rule and rule 1A(1)(c) to the plaintiff and defendant shall be construed respectively as references to the party making the counterclaim and the defendant to the counterclaim.

Notwithstanding anything in paragraph (1B), any party to an action to which this rule applies may take out a case management summons at any time after the defendant has given notice of intention to defend, or, if there are two or more defendants, at least one of them has given such notice.

Subject to paragraph (4), as soon as practicable after the completed questionnaire has been filed with the Court, the Court shall, having regard to the questionnaire and the needs of the case—

Where the Court has fixed a case management conference, it shall—

Where the Court has not fixed a case management conference, any timetable fixed under paragraph (1)(a) must include—

The Court may, without a hearing of the case management summons and having regard to the completed questionnaire, by an order nisi, give directions relating to the management of the case and fix the timetable for the steps to be taken between the date of the giving of those directions and the date of the trial.

The order nisi becomes absolute 14 days after the order is made unless a party has applied to the Court for varying the order.

The Court shall, on an application made under paragraph (5), hear the case management summons.

The Court may, either of its own motion or on the application of a party, give further directions relating to the management of the case or vary any timetable fixed by it under rule 1A.

A party may apply to the Court if he wishes to vary a milestone date.

The Court shall not grant an application under paragraph (2) unless there are exceptional circumstances justifying the variation.

A non-milestone date may be varied by procuring an order to that effect by way of a consent summons.

A party may apply to the Court if he wishes to vary a non-milestone date without the agreement of the other parties.

The Court shall not grant an application under paragraph (5) unless sufficient grounds have been shown to it.

Whether or not sufficient grounds have been shown to it, the Court shall not grant an application under paragraph (5) if the variation would make it necessary to change a trial date or the period in which the trial is to take place.

In this rule—

Where the plaintiff does not appear at the case management conference or pre-trial review, the Court shall provisionally strike out the plaintiff’s claim.

Where the defendant has made a counterclaim in the action and he does not appear at the case management conference or pre-trial review, the Court shall provisionally strike out the defendant’s counterclaim.

Where the Court has provisionally struck out a claim or counterclaim under paragraph (1) or (2), the plaintiff or the defendant may, before the expiry of 3 months from the date of the case management conference or pre-trial review, as the case may be, apply to the Court for restoration of the claim or counterclaim.

The Court may restore the claim or counterclaim subject to such conditions as it thinks fit or refuse to restore it.

The Court shall not restore the claim or counterclaim unless good reasons have been shown to the satisfaction of the Court.

If the plaintiff or the defendant does not apply under paragraph (3) or his application under that paragraph is refused, then—

When the case management summons first comes to be determined, the Court shall consider whether— (L.N. 152 of 2008)

If when the case management summons first comes to be determined the Court considers that it is possible to deal then with all the said matters, it shall deal with them forthwith and shall endeavour to secure that all other matters which must or can be dealt with on interlocutory applications and have not already been dealt with are also then dealt with.

If, when the case management summons first comes to be determined, the Court considers that it is expedient to adjourn the consideration of all or any of the matters which, by the rules of this Order, are required to be considered at the case management summons, the Court shall deal forthwith with such of those matters as it considers can conveniently be dealt with forthwith and adjourn the consideration of the remaining matters and shall endeavour to secure that all other matters which must or can be dealt with on interlocutory applications and have not already been dealt with are dealt with either then or at such time as the Court may specify.

Subject to paragraph (5), and except where the parties agree to the making of an order under Order 33 as to the place or mode of trial before all the matters which, by the rules of this Order, are required to be considered at the case management summons have been dealt with, no such order shall be made until all those matters have been dealt with.

If, at the determination of the case management summons, an action is ordered to be transferred to the District Court or some other court, paragraph (4) shall not apply and nothing in this Order shall be construed as requiring the Court to make any further order at the case management summons.

If the determination of the case management summons is adjourned without a day being fixed for its resumption, any party may restore the summons to the list on 2 days’ notice to the other parties.

Subject to paragraph (2), no affidavit shall be used at the determination of the case management summons except by the leave or directions of the Court, but, subject to paragraph (4), it shall be the duty of the parties to the action and their advisers to give all such information and produce all such documents as the Court may reasonably require for the purposes of enabling it properly to deal with the summons.

The Court may, if it appears proper so to do in the circumstances, authorize any such information or documents to be given or produced to the Court without being disclosed to the other parties but, in the absence of such authority, any information or document given or produced under this paragraph shall be given or produced to all the parties as well as to the Court. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

No leave shall be required by virtue of paragraph (1) for the use of an affidavit by any party at the determination of the case management summons in connection with any application thereat for any order if, under any of these rules, an application for such an order is required to be supported by an affidavit. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

If the Court at the determination of the case management summons requires a party to the action or his solicitor or counsel to give any information or produce any document and that information or document is not given or produced, then, subject to paragraph (4), the Court may— (L.N. 152 of 2008)

Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this rule, no information or documents which are privileged from disclosure shall be required to be given or produced under this rule by or by the advisers of any party otherwise than with the consent of that party.

Any party to whom the case management summons is addressed must so far as practicable apply at the time fixed for determination of the summons for any order or directions which he may desire as to any matter capable of being dealt with on an interlocutory application in the action and must, not less than 7 days before the time fixed for determination of the summons, serve on the other parties a notice specifying those orders and directions in so far as they differ from the orders and directions asked for by the summons.

If the determination of the case management summons is adjourned and any party to the proceedings desires to apply for any order or directions not asked for by the summons or in any notice given under paragraph (1), he must, not less than 7 days before the resumption of the determination of the summons, serve on the other parties a notice specifying those orders and directions in so far as they differ from the orders and directions asked for by the summons or in any such notice as aforesaid.

Any application subsequent to the case management summons and before judgment as to any matter capable of being dealt with on an interlocutory application in the action must be made under the summons by 2 clear days’ notice to the other party stating the grounds of the application.

When the pleadings in any action to which this rule applies are deemed to be closed the following directions shall take effect automatically—

(Repealed L.N. 152 of 2008)

Nothing in paragraph (1) shall prevent any party to an action to which this rule applies from applying to the Court for such further or different directions or orders as may, in the circumstances, be appropriate or prevent the making of an order for the transfer of the proceedings to the District Court. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

For the purpose of this rule—

This rule applies to any action for personal injuries except—

A summons for directions taken out before the commencement* of the Amendment Rules 2008 and pending immediately before the commencement is deemed to be—

Where the pleadings in an action to which rule 1 applies are deemed to be closed but no summons for directions has been taken out before the commencement of the Amendment Rules 2008, rule 1(1) has effect as if for the words “the pleadings in an action to which this rule applies are deemed to be closed”, there were substituted the words “the commencement of the Amendment Rules 2008”.

A party to any cause or matter may in accordance with the following provisions of this Order serve on any other party interrogatories relating to any matter in question between the applicant and that other party in the cause or matter which are necessary either—

Without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph (1), a party may apply to the Court for an order giving him leave to serve on any other party interrogatories relating to any matter in question between the applicant and that other party in the cause or matter.

A proposed interrogatory which does not relate to such a matter as is mentioned in paragraph (1) may not be administered notwithstanding that it might be admissible in oral cross-examination of a witness.

In this Order—

Unless the context otherwise requires, the provisions of this Order apply to both interrogatories without order and ordered interrogatories.

Where interrogatories are served, a note at the end of the interrogatories shall specify—

Subject to rule 5(1), a party on whom interrogatories are served shall, unless the Court orders otherwise on an application under rule 3(2), be required to give within the period specified under paragraph (1)(a) answers, which shall (unless the Court directs otherwise) be on affidavit.

Interrogatories without order may be served on a party not more than twice.

A party on whom interrogatories without order are served may, within 14 days of the service of the interrogatories, apply to the Court for the interrogatories to be varied or withdrawn and, on any such application, the Court may make such order as it thinks fit (including an order that the party who served the interrogatories shall not serve further interrogatories without order).

Interrogatories without order shall not be served on the Crown.

Where an application is made for leave to serve interrogatories, a copy of the proposed interrogatories shall be served with the summons or the notice under Order 25, rule 7, by which the application is made.

In deciding whether to give leave to serve interrogatories, the Court shall take into account any offer made by the party to be interrogated to give particulars, make admissions or produce documents relating to any matter in question and whether or not interrogatories without order have been administered.

Without prejudice to rule 3(2), where a person objects to answering any interrogatory on the ground of privilege he may take the objection in his answer.

Where any person on whom ordered interrogatories have been served answers any of them insufficiently, the Court may make an order requiring him to make a further answer, either by affidavit or on oral examination as the Court may direct.

Where any person on whom interrogatories without order have been served answers any of them insufficiently, the party serving the interrogatories may ask for further and better particulars of the answer given and any such request shall not be treated as service of further interrogatories for the purposes of rule 3(1).

If a party fails to answer interrogatories or to comply with an order made under rule 5(2) or a request made under rule 5(3), the Court may make such order as it thinks just including, in particular, an order that the action be dismissed or, as the case may be, an order that the defence be struck out and judgment be entered accordingly.

Without prejudice to paragraph (1), where a party fails to answer ordered interrogatories or to comply with an order made under rule 5(2), he shall be liable to committal.

Service on a party’s solicitor of an order to answer interrogatories made against the party shall be sufficient service to found an application for committal of the party disobeying the order, but the party may show in answer to the application that he had no notice or knowledge of the order.

A solicitor on whom an order to answer interrogatories made against his client is served and who fails without reasonable excuse to give notice thereof to his client shall be liable to committal.

A party to a cause or matter may not later than 21 days after the cause or matter is set down for trial serve on any other party a notice requiring him to admit, for the purpose of that cause or matter only, such facts or such part of his case as may be specified in the notice.

An admission made in compliance with a notice under this rule shall not be used against the party by whom it was made in any cause or matter other than the cause or matter for the purpose of which it was made or in favour of any person other than the person by whom the notice was given, and the Court may at any time allow a party to amend or withdraw an admission so made by him on such terms as may be just.

Subject to paragraph (2) and without prejudice to the right of a party to object to the admission in evidence of any document, a party on whom a list of documents is served in pursuance of any provision of Order 24 shall, unless the Court otherwise orders, be deemed to admit—

This paragraph does not apply to a document the authenticity of which the party has denied in his pleading.

If before the expiration of 21 days after inspection of the documents specified in a list of documents or after the time limited for inspection of those documents expires, whichever is the later, the party on whom the list is served serves on the party whose list it is a notice stating, in relation to any document specified therein, that he does not admit the authenticity of that document and requires it to be proved at the trial, he shall not be deemed to make any admission in relation to that document under paragraph (1).

A party to a cause or matter by whom a list of documents is served on any other party in pursuance of any provision of Order 24 shall be deemed to have been served by that other party with a notice requiring him to produce at the trial of the cause or matter such of the documents specified in the list as are in his possession, custody or power.

The foregoing provisions of this rule apply in relation to an affidavit made in compliance with an order under Order 24, rule 7, as they apply in relation to a list of documents served in pursuance of any provision of that Order.

Except where rule 4(1) applies, a party to a cause or matter may within 21 days after the cause or matter is set down for trial serve on any other party a notice requiring him to admit the authenticity of the documents specified in the notice.

If a party on whom a notice under paragraph (1) is served desires to challenge the authenticity of any document therein specified he must, within 21 days after service of the notice, serve on the party by whom it was given a notice stating that he does not admit the authenticity of the document and requires it to be proved at the trial.

A party who fails to give a notice of non-admission in accordance with paragraph (2) in relation to any document shall be deemed to have admitted the authenticity of that document unless the Court otherwise orders.

Except where rule 4(3) applies, a party to a cause or matter may serve on any other party a notice requiring him to produce the documents specified in the notice at the trial of the cause or matter.

In any cause or matter begun by originating summons (not being an ex parte summons) the plaintiff must, before the expiration of 14 days after the defendant has acknowledged service, or, if there are two or more defendants, at least one of them has acknowledged service, file with the Court the affidavit evidence on which he intends to rely.

In the case of an ex parte summons the applicant must file his affidavit evidence not less than 4 clear days before the day fixed for the hearing.

Copies of the affidavit evidence filed in the Court under paragraph (1) must be served by the plaintiff on the defendant, or, if there are two or more defendants, on each defendant, before the expiration of 14 days after service has been acknowledged by that defendant.

Where a defendant who has acknowledged service wishes to adduce affidavit evidence he must within 28 days after service on him of copies of the plaintiff’s affidavit evidence under paragraph (3) file his own affidavit evidence in the Court and serve copies thereof on the plaintiff and on any other defendant who is affected thereby.

A plaintiff on whom a copy of a defendant’s affidavit evidence has been served under paragraph (4) may within 14 days of such service file in the Court further affidavit evidence in reply and shall in that event serve copies thereof on that defendant.

No other affidavit shall be received in evidence without the leave of the Court.

Where an affidavit is required to be served by one party on another party it shall be served without prior charge.

The provisions of this rule apply subject to any direction by the Court to the contrary.

In this rule references to affidavits and copies of affidavits include references to exhibits to affidavits and copies of such exhibits.

In the case of an originating summons which is in Form No. 8 in Appendix A the plaintiff must, within one month of the expiry of the time within which copies of affidavit evidence may be served under rule 1A, obtain an appointment for the attendance of the parties before the Court for the hearing of the summons, and a day and time for their attendance shall be fixed by a notice (in Form No. 12 in Appendix A) sealed with the seal of the Court.

A day and time for the attendance of the parties before the Court for the hearing of an originating summons which is in Form No. 10 in Appendix A, or for the hearing of an ex parte originating summons, may be fixed on the application of the plaintiff or applicant, as the case may be and in the case of a summons which is required to be served, the time limited for acknowledging service shall, where appropriate, be abridged so as to expire on the next day but one before the day so fixed, and the time limits for lodging affidavits under rule 1A(2) and (3) shall, where appropriate, be abridged so as to expire, respectively, on the fifth day before, and the next day but one before, the day so fixed.

Where a plaintiff fails to apply for an appointment under paragraph (1), any defendant may, with the leave of the Court, obtain an appointment in accordance with that paragraph provided that he has acknowledged service of the originating summons.

Not less than 14 days before the day fixed under rule 2 for the attendance of the parties before the Court for the hearing of an originating summons which is in Form No. 8 in Appendix A, the party on whose application the day was fixed must serve a copy of the notice fixing it on every other party. (L.N. 404 of 1991)

Not less than 4 clear days before the day fixed under rule 2 for the hearing of an originating summons which is in Form No. 10 in Appendix A, the plaintiff must serve the summons on every defendant or, if any defendant has already been served with the summons, must serve on that defendant notice of the day fixed for the hearing.

Where notice in Form No. 12 in Appendix A is served in accordance with paragraph (1), such notice shall specify what orders of directions the party serving the notice intends to seek at the hearing; and any party served with such notice who wishes to seek different orders or directions must, not less than 7 days before the hearing, serve on every other party a notice specifying the other orders and directions he intends to seek. (L.N. 404 of 1991)

If the hearing of an originating summons which is in Form No. 8 or 10 in Appendix A is adjourned and any party to the proceedings desires to apply at the resumed hearing for any order or direction not previously asked for, he must, not less than 7 days before the resumed hearing of the summons, serve on every other party a notice specifying those orders and directions. (L.N. 404 of 1991)

Where a party is required by any provision of this rule or rule 5(2) to serve a notice or a copy of a notice on “every other party” he must—

The Court by whom an originating summons is heard may, if the liability of the defendant to the plaintiff in respect of any claim made by the plaintiff is established, make such order in favour of the plaintiff as the nature of the case may require, but where the Court makes an order under this paragraph against a defendant who does not appear at the hearing, the order may be varied or revoked by a subsequent order of the Court on such terms as it thinks just.

In any case where the Court does not dispose of any originating summons altogether at a hearing or order the cause or matter begun by it to be transferred to a District Court or some other court or makes an order under rule 8, the Court shall give such directions as to the further conduct of the proceedings as it thinks best adapted to secure the just, expeditious and economical disposal thereof.

Without prejudice to the generality of paragraph (2), the Court shall, at as early a stage of the proceedings on the summons as appears to it to be practicable, consider whether there is or may be a dispute as to fact and whether the just, expeditious and economical disposal of the proceedings can accordingly best be secured by hearing the summons on oral evidence or mainly on oral evidence and, if it thinks fit, may order that no further evidence shall be filed and that the summons shall be heard on oral evidence or partly on oral evidence and partly on affidavit evidence, with or without cross-examination of any of the deponents, as it may direct.

Without prejudice to the generality of paragraph (2), and subject to paragraph (3), the Court may give directions as to the filing of evidence and as to the attendance of deponents for cross-examination and any directions which it could give under Order 25 if the cause or matter had been begun by writ and the summons were a case management summons under that Order. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

The Court may at any stage of the proceedings order that any affidavit, or any particulars of any claim, defence or other matters stated in any affidavit, shall stand as pleadings or that points of claim, defence or reply be delivered and stand as pleadings. (L.N. 404 of 1991)

The hearing of the summons by the Court may (if necessary) be adjourned from time to time, either generally or to a particular date, as may be appropriate, and the powers of the Court under rule 4 may be exercised at any resumed hearing.

If the hearing of the summons is adjourned generally, any party may restore it to the list on 14 days’ notice to every other party and rule 3(4) shall apply in relation to any such adjourned hearing. (L.N. 404 of 1991)

A defendant to an action begun by originating summons who has acknowledged service of the summons and who alleges that he has any claim or is entitled to any relief or remedy against the plaintiff in respect of any matter (whenever and however arising) may make a counterclaim in the action in respect of that matter instead of bringing a separate action.

A defendant who wishes to make a counterclaim under this rule must at the first or any resumed hearing of the originating summons by the Court but, in any case, at as early a stage in the proceedings as is practicable, inform the Court of the nature of his claim and, without prejudice to the powers of the Court under paragraph (3), the claim shall be made in such manner as the Court may direct under rule 4 or rule 8.

If it appears on the application of a plaintiff against whom a counterclaim is made under this rule that the subject-matter of the counterclaim ought for any reason to be disposed of by a separate action, the Court may order the counterclaim to be struck out or may order it to be tried separately or make such other order as may be expedient.

Where, in the case of a cause or matter begun by originating summons, it appears to the Court at any stage of the proceedings that the proceedings should for any reason be continued as if the cause or matter had been begun by writ, it may order the proceedings to continue as if the cause or matter had been so begun and may, in particular, order that any affidavits shall stand as pleadings, with or without liberty to any of the parties to add thereto or to apply for particulars thereof.

Where the Court decides to make such an order, Order 25, rules 2 to 7, shall, with the omission of so much of rule 7(1) as requires parties to serve a notice specifying the orders and directions which they require and with any other necessary modifications, apply as if there had been a case management summons in the proceedings and that order were one of the orders to be made thereon. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

This rule applies notwithstanding that the cause or matter in question could not have been begun by writ.

Any reference in these rules to an action begun by writ shall, unless the context otherwise requires, be construed as including a reference to a cause or matter proceedings in which are ordered under this rule to continue as if the cause or matter had been so begun.

Except where the Court disposes of a cause or matter begun by originating summons in chambers or orders it to be transferred to a District Court or some other court or makes an order in relation to it under rule 8 or some other provision of these rules, the Court shall, on being satisfied that the cause or matter is ready for determination, make such order as to the hearing of the cause or matter as may be appropriate.

The Court shall by order determine the place and mode of the trial, but any such order may be varied by a subsequent order of the Court made at or before the trial.

Order 33, rule 4(2) and Order 34, rules 1 to 8, shall apply in relation to a cause or matter begun by originating summons and to an order made therein under this rule as they apply in relation to an action begun by writ and to an order made therein under the said rule 4 and shall have effect accordingly with any necessary modifications and with the further modification that for references therein to the case management summons there shall be substituted references to the first or any resumed hearing of the originating summons by the Court. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

If the plaintiff in a cause or matter begun by originating summons makes default in complying with any order or direction of the Court as to the conduct of the proceedings, or if the Court is satisfied that the plaintiff in a cause or matter so begun is not prosecuting the proceedings with due despatch, the Court may order the cause or matter to be dismissed or may make such other order as may be just.

Paragraph (1) shall, with any necessary modifications, apply in relation to a defendant by whom a counterclaim is made under rule 7 as it applies in relation to a plaintiff.

Where, by virtue of an order made under rule 8, proceedings in a cause or matter begun by originating summons are to continue as if the cause or matter had been begun by writ, the foregoing provisions of this rule shall not apply in relation to the cause or matter after the making of the order.

An application for the grant of an injunction may be made by any party to a cause or matter before or after the trial of the cause or matter, whether or not a claim for the injunction was included in that party’s writ, originating summons, counterclaim or third party notice, as the case may be.

Where the applicant is the plaintiff and the case is one of urgency such application may be made ex parte on affidavit but, except as aforesaid, such application must be made by summons. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

The plaintiff may not make such an application before the issue of the writ or originating summons by which the cause or matter is to be begun except where the case is one of urgency, and in that case the injunction applied for may be granted on terms providing for the issue of the writ or summons and such other terms, if any, as the Court thinks fit.

On the application of any party to a cause or matter the Court may make an order for the detention, custody or preservation of any property which is the subject-matter of the cause or matter, or as to which any question may arise therein, or for the inspection of any such property in the possession of a party to the cause or matter.

For the purpose of enabling any order under paragraph (1) to be carried out the Court may by the order authorize any person to enter upon any land or building in the possession of any party to the cause or matter.

Where the right of any party to a specific fund is in dispute in a cause or matter, the Court may, on the application of a party to the cause or matter, order the fund to be paid into court or otherwise secured.

An order under this rule may be made on such terms, if any, as the Court thinks just.

An application for an order under this rule must be made by summons or by notice under Order 25, rule 7.

Unless the Court otherwise directs, an application by a defendant for such an order may not be made before he acknowledges service of the writ or originating summons by which the cause or matter was begun.

Where it considers it necessary or expedient for the purpose of obtaining full information or evidence in any cause or matter, the Court may, on the application of a party to the cause or matter, and on such terms, if any, as it thinks just, by order authorize or require any sample to be taken of any property which is the subject-matter of the cause or matter or as to which any question may arise therein, any observation to be made on such property or any experiment to be tried on or with such property.

For the purpose of enabling any order under paragraph (1) to be carried out the Court may by the order authorize any person to enter upon any land or building in the possession of any party to the cause or matter.

Rule 2(5) and (6) shall apply in relation to an application for an order under this rule as they apply in relation to an application for an order under that rule.

The Court may, on the application of any party to a cause or matter, make an order for the sale by such person, in such manner and on such terms (if any) as may be specified in the order of any property (other than land) which is the subject-matter of the cause or matter or as to which any question arises therein and which is of a perishable nature or likely to deteriorate if kept or which for any other good reason it is desirable to sell forthwith.

In this paragraph land (土地) includes any interest in, or right over, land.

Rule 2(5) and (6) shall apply in relation to an application for an order under this rule as they apply in relation to an application for an order under that rule.

Where an application is made under any of the foregoing provisions of this Order, the Court may give directions as to the further proceedings in the cause or matter.

If, in an action begun by writ, not being any such action as is mentioned in sub-paragraphs (a) to (c) and (e) to (h) of Order 25, rule 1(2), the Court thinks fit to give directions under this rule before the case management summons, rules 2 to 7 of that Order shall, with the omission of so much of rule 7(1) as requires parties to serve a notice specifying the orders and directions which they desire and with any other necessary modifications, apply as if the application were a case management summons. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

An application for an order under section 44(1) of the Ordinance in respect of property which may become the subject-matter of subsequent proceedings in the Court or as to which any question may arise in any such proceedings shall be made by originating summons and the person against whom the order is sought shall be made defendant to the summons.

An application after the commencement of proceedings for an order under section 42(2) of the Ordinance in respect of property which is not the property of or in the possession of any party to the proceedings shall be made by summons, which must be served on the person against whom the order is sought personally and on every party to the proceedings other than the applicant.

A summons under paragraph (1) or (2) shall be supported by affidavit which must specify or describe the property in respect of which the order is sought and show, if practicable by reference to any pleading served or intended to be served in the proceedings or subsequent proceedings, that it is property which is or may become the subject-matter of the proceedings or as to which any question arises or may arise in the proceedings.

A copy of the supporting affidavit shall be served with the summons on every person on whom the summons is required to be served.

An order made under section 42(2) or 44(1) may be made conditional on the applicant’s giving security for the costs of the person against whom it is made or on such other terms, if any, as the Court thinks just.

No such order shall be made if it appears to the Court—

An application for interim relief under section 21M(1) of the Ordinance must be made by originating summons in Form No. 10 in Appendix A.

Rules 1, 2, 3, 4, 7(1), 7A and 8 of this Order apply with any necessary modifications to the application as they apply to an application for interlocutory relief in an action or proceeding in the High Court.

Upon hearing of the originating summons, the Court may direct that all or any part of the hearing be conducted in open court.

The plaintiff may, at any time after the writ has been served on a defendant and the time limited for him to acknowledge service has expired, apply to the Court for an order requiring that defendant to make an interim payment.

An application under this rule shall be made by summons but may be included in a summons for summary judgment under Order 14 or Order 86.

An application under this rule shall be supported by an affidavit which shall—

The summons and a copy of the affidavit in support and any documents exhibited thereto shall be served on the defendant against whom the order is sought not less than 10 clear days before the return day.

Notwithstanding the making or refusal of an order for an interim payment, a second or subsequent application may be made upon cause shown.

If, on the hearing of an application under rule 10 in an action for damages, the Court is satisfied—

the Court may, if it thinks fit and subject to paragraph (2), order the respondent to make an interim payment of such amount as it thinks just, not exceeding a reasonable proportion of the damages which in the opinion of the Court are likely to be recovered by the plaintiff after taking into account any relevant contributory negligence and any set-off, cross-claim or counterclaim on which the respondent may be entitled to rely.

No order shall be made under paragraph (1) in an action for personal injuries if it appears to the Court that the defendant is not a person falling within one of the following categories, namely—

Subject to Order 80, rule 12, the amount of any interim payment ordered to be made shall be paid to the plaintiff unless the order provides for it to be paid into court, and where the amount is paid into court, the Court may, on the application of the plaintiff, order the whole or any part of it to be paid out to him at such time or times as the Court thinks fit.

An application under paragraph (1) for money in court to be paid out may be made ex parte, but the Court hearing the application may direct a summons to be issued.

An interim payment may be ordered to be made in one sum or by such instalments as the Court thinks fit.

Where a payment is ordered in respect of the defendant’s use and occupation of land the order may provide for periodical payments to be made during the pendency of the action.

An application for the appointment of a receiver may be made by summons. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

An application for an injunction ancillary or incidental to an order appointing a receiver may be joined with the application for such order.

Where the applicant wishes to apply for the immediate grant of such an injunction, he may do so ex parte on affidavit.

The Court hearing an application under paragraph (3) may grant an injunction restraining the party beneficially entitled to any interest in the property of which a receiver is sought from assigning, charging or otherwise dealing with that property until after the hearing of a summons for the appointment of the receiver and may require such a summons, returnable on such date as the Court may direct, to be issued.

A judgment or order directing the appointment of a receiver may include such directions as the Court thinks fit for the giving of security by the person appointed.

Where by virtue of any judgment or order appointing a person named therein to be a receiver, a person is required to give security in accordance with this rule he must give security approved by the Court duly to account for what he receives as receiver and to deal with it as the Court directs.

Unless the Court otherwise directs, the security shall be by guarantee.

The guarantee must be filed in the Registry, and it shall be kept as of record until duly vacated.

A receiver shall submit such accounts to such parties at such intervals or on such dates as the Court may direct.

Any party to whom a receiver is required to submit accounts may, on giving reasonable notice to the receiver, inspect, either personally or by an agent, the books and other papers relating to the accounts.

Any party who is dissatisfied with the accounts of the receiver may give notice specifying the item or items to which objection is taken and requiring the receiver within not less than 14 days to lodge his accounts with the Court and a copy of such notice shall be lodged in the Registry.

Following an examination by or on behalf of the Court of an item or items in an account to which objection is taken the result of such examination must be certified by the Registrar and an order may thereupon be made as to the incidence of any costs or expenses incurred.

Where a receiver fails to attend for the examination of any account of his, or fails to submit any account, provide access to any books or papers or do any other thing which he is required to submit, provide or do, he and any or all of the parties to the cause or matter in which he was appointed may be required to attend in chambers to show cause for the failure, and the Court may, either in chambers or after adjournment into court, give such directions as it thinks proper including, if necessary, directions for the discharge of the receiver and the appointment of another and the payment of costs.

Without prejudice to paragraph (1), where a receiver fails to attend for the examination of any account of his or fails to submit any account or fails to pay into court on the date fixed by the Court any sum required to be so paid, the Court may disallow any remuneration claimed by the receiver and may, where he has failed to pay any such sum into court, charge him with interest at the rate currently payable in respect of judgment debts in the Court of First Instance on that sum while in his possession as receiver. (25 of 1998 s. 2)

Where an order is made, whether in court or in chambers, directing any land to be sold, the Court may permit the party or person having the conduct of the sale to sell the land in such manner as he thinks fit, or may direct that the land be sold in such manner as the Court may either by the order or subsequently direct for the best price that can be obtained, and all proper parties shall join in the sale and conveyance as the Court shall direct.

The Court may give such directions as it thinks fit for the purpose of effecting the sale, including, without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing words, directions—

If either the Court has directed payment of the purchase money into court or the Court so directs, the result of a sale by order of the Court must be certified—

and the Court may require the certificate to be verified by the affidavit of the auctioneer or solicitor, as the case may be.

The solicitor of the party or person having the conduct of the sale must file the certificate and any affidavit in the Registry.

Issue of a summons by which an application in chambers is to be made takes place on its being sealed with the Seal of the Court.

A summons may not be amended after issue without the leave of the Court.

The hearing of a summons may be adjourned from time to time, either generally or to a particular date, as may be appropriate.

If the hearing is adjourned generally, the party by whom the summons was taken out may restore it to the list on 2 clear days’ notice to all the other parties on whom the summons was served.

Where any party to a summons fails to attend on the first or any resumed hearing thereof, the Court may proceed in his absence if, having regard to the nature of the application, it thinks it expedient so to do.

Before proceeding in the absence of any party the Court may require to be satisfied that the summons or, as the case may be, notice of the time appointed for the resumed hearing was duly served on that party.

Where the Court hearing a summons proceeded in the absence of a party, then, provided that any order made on the hearing has not been perfected, the Court, if satisfied that it is just to do so, may re-hear the summons.

Where an application made by summons has been dismissed without a hearing by reason of the failure of the party who took out the summons to attend the hearing, the Court, if satisfied that it is just to do so, may allow the summons to be restored to the list.

A writ of subpoena ad testificandum or a writ of subpoena duces tecum to compel the attendance of a witness for the purpose of proceedings in chambers may be issued out of the Registry, if the party who desires the attendance of the witness produces a note from a judge or from the Registrar or a master, as the case may be, authorizing the issue of the writ.

The Registrar or any master may give such a note or may direct the application for it be made to the judge before whom the proceedings are to be heard.

The Registrar or any master shall have authority to administer oaths and take affidavits for the purpose of proceedings in the Court.

The jurisdiction of the Court to grant leave under section 69 of the Mental Health Ordinance (Cap. 136) to bring proceedings against a person may be exercised in chambers by a judge.

An originating summons by which an application for leave under the said section 69 is made shall be in Form No. 10 in Appendix A.

The application must be supported by an affidavit setting out the grounds on which such leave is sought and any facts necessary to substantiate those grounds.

The Registrar and any master shall have power to transact all such business and exercise all such authority and jurisdiction as under any Ordinance or by these rules may be transacted and exercised by a judge in chambers except in respect of the following matters and proceedings, that is to say—

The Registrar and any master shall have power to grant an injunction, or to make an order for the detention, custody or preservation of any property, in the terms agreed by the parties to the proceedings in which the injunction or order is sought.

A master may—

The master may fix a date on which he may—

The master may give such directions as he thinks necessary or desirable for the purpose of determining the application, including directions for—

Where the determination of the application is adjourned for the hearing of the summons, no further evidence may be adduced unless it appears to the Court that there are exceptional circumstances making it desirable that further evidence should be adduced.

Paragraph (4) is subject to a direction given under paragraph (3).

This rule does not apply to—

Where the Court makes an order on an interlocutory application before—

it may, if it thinks appropriate to do so, specify the consequences of failing to comply with the order.

Where the Court makes an order on an interlocutory application after—

it shall, unless there are special circumstances which render it inexpedient to do so, specify the consequences of failing to comply with the Order.

The consequences specified under paragraph (1) or (2) must be appropriate and proportionate in relation to the non-compliance.

The judge in chambers may direct that any summons, application or appeal shall be heard in court or shall be adjourned into court to be so heard if he considers that by reason of its importance or for any other reason it should be so heard.

Any matter heard in court by virtue of a direction under paragraph (1) may be adjourned from court into chambers.

An application under section 27(1) of the Ordinance for an order specified in that section must be made by originating summons supported by affidavit and served on the person against whom the order is sought.

The application must be heard in open court by a single judge.

Where an order made under section 27(1) of the Ordinance is in force against a person, an application for leave to institute or continue any legal proceedings by that person must be made by a notice in Form No. 27A in Appendix A containing a statement of—

The notice of application for leave must be filed together with any affidavit evidence on which the applicant relies in support of the application.

Any previous applications for leave which the applicant has made under section 27 of the Ordinance, and the results of those applications, must be listed in the notice of application.

An application for leave made under rule 2 may be determined by a single judge without the attendance of the applicant unless the judge gives directions for the hearing of the application.

Where the judge gives directions for the hearing of the application, the hearing may be held in chambers.

Directions for the hearing of the application given under paragraph (2) may include an order that the notice of application be served by the applicant on the Secretary for Justice and on any person against whom the applicant wishes to institute or continue the proceedings for which leave is being sought.

The judge may give directions for further affidavit evidence to be supplied by the applicant before an order is made on the application.

Without limiting the power of the judge to refuse the application, if the leave sought, or the grounds advanced, substantially repeat those submitted in support of a previous application which has been refused, the judge may make an order refusing the application.

Where the applicant institutes the new proceedings or continues the proceedings for which leave has been granted, the applicant shall—

An order granting or refusing the leave sought or an order made pursuant to rule 3(3) must be sent to the applicant at the address given in the notice of application.

The applicant shall forthwith after being sent an order granting the leave sought serve a copy of the order on the Secretary for Justice if he has been served with the notice of application pursuant to rule 3(3).

A person may apply to set aside a grant of leave if—

An application under paragraph (1) must be made by an inter partes summons within 14 days after the order granting the leave was served on the person under rule 3(6)(b).

A person may not without the leave of the Court inspect any document filed in the Registry relating to the application for leave under section 27A of the Ordinance.

Leave may not be granted under paragraph (1) unless the Court is satisfied that there is reasonable ground for the inspection.

Leave granted under paragraph (1) may be granted on such terms and conditions as the Court thinks just.

In every action begun by writ, the Court shall by order determine the place and mode of the trial. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

In any such action different questions or issues may be ordered to be tried at different places or by different modes of trial and one or more questions or issues may be ordered to be tried before the others.

In an action for personal injuries, the Court may at any stage of the proceedings and of its own motion make an order for the issue of liability to be tried before any issue or question concerning the amount of damages to be awarded and—

(Repealed L.N. 89 of 2025)

This rule applies where an order is made under rule 4(2) for the issue of liability to be tried before any issue or question concerning the amount of damages to be awarded if liability is established.

After the making of an order to which paragraph (1) applies, any party against whom a finding of liability is sought may (without prejudice to his defence) make a written offer to the other party to accept liability up to a specified proportion.

Any offer made under the preceding paragraph may be brought to the attention of the Judge after the issue of liability has been decided, but not before.

The provisions of rule 4(2) are, as respects any action and as respects any question of fact arising in such an action, subject to the provisions of section 33A of the Ordinance, but an application for trial with a jury under that section (the time for making which is, under that section, to be limited by rules of court) must be made before the place and mode of trial is fixed under rule 4. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

The powers conferred by the said section 33A on a judge may be exercised by a master.

This Order applies to actions begun by writ and, accordingly, references in this Order to an action shall be construed as references to an action so begun.

Unless the Court has fixed a trial date or a period in which the trial is to take place under Order 25, rule 1A(2)(b) or (3)(b), every order made in an action which provides for trial before a judge shall, whether the trial is to be with or without a jury, fix a period within which the plaintiff is to set down the action for trial. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

Where the plaintiff does not, within the period fixed under paragraph (1), set the action down for trial, the defendant may set the action down for trial or may apply to the Court to dismiss the action for want of prosecution and, on the hearing of any such application, the Court may order the action to be dismissed accordingly or may make such order as it thinks just.

Every order made in an action which provides for trial before a judge (otherwise than in the commercial list or in any list which may be specified for the purposes of this paragraph by directions under rule 4) shall contain an estimate of the length of the trial and, shall, subject to any such directions, specify the list in which the action is to be put.

In order to set down for trial an action which is to be tried before a Judge, the party setting it down must deliver to the Registrar, by post or otherwise, a request that the action may be set down for trial, together with a bundle (for the use of the judge) consisting of one copy each of the following documents that is to say—

The said bundle must be bound up in the proper chronological order, save that voluntary particulars of any pleading and particulars to which Order 18, rule 12(7) applies shall be placed immediately after the pleading to which they relate.

A party to an action who sets it down for trial must, within 24 hours after doing so, notify the other parties to the action that he has done so.

It shall be the duty of all parties to an action entered in any list to furnish without delay to the officer who keeps the list all available information as to the action being or being likely to be settled, or affecting the estimated length of the trial, and, if the action is settled or withdrawn, to notify that officer of the fact without delay and take such steps as may be necessary to withdraw the record.

In performance of the duty imposed by paragraph (2), a plaintiff who gives notice of acceptance of a sanctioned payment or a sanctioned offer in accordance with Order 22, shall at the same time lodge a copy of the notice with the officer mentioned in that paragraph. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

Where after an action has been set down for trial the action becomes abated, or the interest or liability of any party to the action is assigned or transmitted to or devolves on some other person, the solicitor for the plaintiff or other party having the conduct of the action must, as soon as practicable after becoming aware of it, certify the abatement or change of interest or liability and send the certificate to the officer who keeps the list, and that officer shall cause the appropriate entry to be made in the list of actions set down for trial.

Where in any such list an action stands for one year marked as abated or ordered to stand over generally, the action shall on the expiration of that year be struck out of the list unless, in the case of an action ordered to stand over generally, the order otherwise provides.

If, when the trial of an action is called on, neither party appears, the action may be struck out of the list, without prejudice, however, to the restoration thereof, on the direction of a judge.

If, when the trial of an action is called on, one party does not appear, the judge may proceed with the trial of the action or any counterclaim in the absence of that party.

Any judgment, order or verdict obtained where one party does not appear at the trial may be set aside by the Court, on the application of that party, on such terms as it thinks just.

An application under this rule must be made within 7 days after the trial.

At any time before or during a trial, the Court may by direction—

In deciding whether to make any such direction, the Court shall have regard to the following matters in addition to any other matters that may be relevant—

The judge before whom an action is tried (whether with or without a jury) may give directions as to the party to begin and the order of speeches at the trial, and, subject to any such directions, the party to begin and the order of speeches shall be that provided by this rule.

Subject to paragraph (6), the plaintiff shall begin by opening his case.

If the defendant elects not to adduce evidence, then, whether or not the defendant has in the course of cross-examination of a witness for the plaintiff or otherwise put in a document, the plaintiff may, after the evidence on his behalf has been given, make a second speech closing his case and the defendant shall then state his case.

If the defendant elects to adduce evidence, he may, after any evidence on behalf of the plaintiff has been given, open his case and, after the evidence on his behalf has been given, make a second speech closing his case, and at the close of the defendant’s case the plaintiff may make a speech in reply.

Where there are 2 or more defendants who appear separately or are separately represented, then—

Where the burden of proof of all the issues in the action lies on the defendant or, where there are two or more defendants and they appear separately or are separately represented, on one of the defendants, the defendant or that defendant, as the case may be, shall be entitled to begin, and in that case paragraphs (2), (3) and (4) shall have effect in relation to, and as between, him and the plaintiff as if for references to the plaintiff and the defendant there were substituted references to the defendant and the plaintiff respectively.

Where, as between the plaintiff and any defendant, the party who would, but for this paragraph, be entitled to make the final speech raises any fresh point of law in that speech or cites in that speech any authority not previously cited, the opposite party may make a further speech in reply, but only in relation to that point of law or that authority, as the case may be.

The judge by whom any cause or matter is tried may inspect any place or thing with respect to which any question arises in the cause or matter.

Where a cause or matter is tried with a jury and the judge inspects any place or thing under paragraph (1), he may authorize the jury to inspect it also.

The judicial clerk or other officer in attendance at the trial shall take charge of every document or object put in as an exhibit during the trial of any action and shall mark or label every exhibit with a letter or letters indicating the party by whom the exhibit is put in or the witness by whom it is proved, and with a number, so that all the exhibits put in by a party, or proved by a witness, are numbered in one consecutive series.
In this paragraph a witness by whom an exhibit is proved includes a witness in the course of whose evidence the exhibit is put in.

The judicial clerk or other officer in attendance at the trial shall cause a list to be made of all the exhibits in the action, and any party may, on payment of the prescribed fee, have an office copy of that list.

The list of exhibits when completed shall form part of the record of the action. (L.N. 103 of 1994)

For the purpose of this rule a bundle of documents may be treated and counted as one exhibit.

Unless the Court otherwise directs, the Registrar shall retain in his custody all exhibits duly marked and labelled until— (L.N. 122 of 2017)

Unless the Court otherwise directs, upon the expiration of the time limited for retention of exhibits fixed under paragraph (1) it shall be the duty of every party to an action who has put in any exhibits, and where represented, of his solicitor on the record, to apply to the Registrar for the return of the exhibits and to collect the same.

Documents impounded by order of the Court shall not be delivered out of the custody of the Court except in compliance with an order made by a judge on an application made by summons: Provided that where the Secretary for Justice makes a written request in that behalf, documents so impounded shall be delivered into his custody. (L.N. 362 of 1997; L.N. 152 of 2008)

Documents impounded by order of the Court, while in the custody of the Court, shall not be inspected except by a person authorized to do so by an order signed by a judge.

Subject to any directions contained in the order made pursuant to rule 1—

Without prejudice to the generality of paragraph (1) but subject to any such directions as are mentioned therein the master before whom any cause or matter is tried shall have the like powers as the Court with respect to claims relating to or connected with the original subject-matter of the cause or matter by any party thereto against any other person and Order 15, rule 5(2) and Order 16 shall with any necessary modifications apply in relation to any such claim accordingly.

The report made by a master in pursuance of a reference under rule 1 shall be made to the Court and notice thereof served on the parties to the reference.

The master may in his report submit any question arising therein for the decision of the Court or make a special statement of facts from which the Court may draw such inferences as it thinks fit.

On receipt of the master’s report the Court may—

When the report of the master has been made, an application to vary the report or remit the whole or any part of the question or issue originally referred may be made on the hearing by the Court of further consideration of the cause or matter, after giving not less than 4 days’ notice thereof, and any other application with respect to the report may be made on that hearing without notice.

Where judgment is given for damages to be assessed and no provision is made by the judgment as to how they are to be assessed, the damages shall, subject to the provisions of this Order, be assessed by a master, and the party entitled to the benefit of the judgment may, after obtaining the necessary appointment from a master and, at least 7 days before the date of the appointment, serving notice of the appointment on the party against whom the judgment is given, proceed accordingly.

Upon judgment being given for damages to be assessed, the following directions shall, unless the Court directs otherwise, take effect automatically— (L.N. 383 of 1996; L.N. 122 of 2017)

Notwithstanding anything in Order 65, rule 9, a notice under this rule must be served on the party against whom the judgment is given.

The attendance of witnesses and the production of documents before a master in proceedings under this Order may be compelled by writ of subpoena, and the provisions of Order 35 shall, with the necessary adaptations, apply in relation to those proceedings as they apply in relation to proceedings at a trial.

Where judgment is given for damages to be assessed, the Court may—

Where the Court orders that the action shall proceed to trial, Order 25, rules 2 to 7, shall, with the omission of so much of rule 7(1) as requires the parties to serve a notice specifying the orders and directions which they desire and with any other necessary modifications, apply as if the application to the Court in pursuance of which the Court makes the order, were a case management summons under Order 25. (L.N. 152 of 2008)

This Part of this Order applies to actions to which section 56A of the Ordinance (in this Part of this Order referred to as section 56A) applies.

The Court may on such terms as it thinks just and subject to the provisions of this rule make an award of provisional damages if—

An order for an award of provisional damages shall specify the disease or type of deterioration in respect of which an application may be made at a future date, and shall also, unless the Court otherwise determines, specify the period within which such application may be made.

The Court may, on the application of the plaintiff made within the period, if any, specified in paragraph (2), by order extend that period if it thinks it just to do so, and the plaintiff may make more than one such application.

An order for an award of provisional damages may be made in respect of more than one disease or type of deterioration and may in respect of each disease or deterioration specify a different period within which an application may be made at a future date.

Orders 13 and 19 shall not apply in relation to an action in which the plaintiff claims provisional damages.

Where an application is made for an award of provisional damages, any defendant may at any time (whether or not he makes a payment into court) make a written offer to the plaintiff—

Any offer made under paragraph (1) shall not be brought to the attention of the Court until after the Court has determined the claim for an award of provisional damages.

Where an offer is made under paragraph (1), the plaintiff may, within 28 days after the offer was made, give written notice to the defendant of his acceptance of the offer and shall on such acceptance make an application to the Court for an order in accordance with the provisions of rule 8(2). (L.N. 152 of 2008)